Function

Gene Title

Public ID

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Palmitate

Palmitate + pioglitazone

Palmitate + exenatide

Regulation of gene expression, epigenetic

Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase 15-(NAD)(HPGD)

NM_000860

2.3

 

 

 

Vav 3 oncogene (VAV3)

AF118887

1.8

 

 

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha (HLA-DRA)

M60333

1.8

2.7

3.8

 

Alpha-2-glycoprotein 1, zinc-binding (AZGP1)

D90427

1.8

1.8

2.5

 

Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 3 (NFATC3)

U85430

1.7

1.7

2.3

 

Glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3)

AW149846

1.7

 

 

 

Glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL)(glutamine synthetase)

U08626

1.7

 

 

 

Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 (CYP3A4)

AF182273

1.6

 

 

 

Angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 2 (ACE2)

AK026461

1.6

2.4

 

 

Paired box gene 8 (PAX8)

BF056746

2.5

2.5

2.2

 

Ribosomal protein S5 (RPS5)

NM_001009

 

13.2

13.8

 

Ribosomal protein L29 (RPL29)

NM_000992

 

11.4

14.8

 

Pancreatic polypeptide (PPY)

M15788

 

9.9

7.7

 

Ribosomal protein L28 (RPL28)

NM_000991

 

8.6

10.1

 

Heat shock 27kDa protein 1 (HSPB1)

NM_001540

 

8.2

12.7

 

Glutathione peroxidase 1(GPX1)

NM_000581

 

7.8

10.4

 

Colipase, pancreatic (CLPS)

NM_001832

 

6.2

8.7

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 (HLA-DRB1)

NM_002125

 

5.8

8.5

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1 (HLA-DQB1)

AI583173

 

5.4

6.0

 

Glutathione peroxidase 2 (gastrointestinal)

NM_002083

 

4.7

5.9

 

Glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1)

NM_000846

 

4.6

3.5

 

Aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOA)

AK026577

 

4.2

4.9

 

Y box binding protein 1 (YBX1)

BE966374

 

4.1

3.5

 

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)

BE878463

 

4.0

2.2

 

Protease, serine, 2 (trypsin 2)( PRSS2)

NM_002770

 

3.7

4.7

 

Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 5 (CYP3A5)

X90579

 

3.6

4.5

 

Amylase, alpha 2A (AMY2A)

NM_004038

 

3.4

2.7

 

Regenerating islet-derived 3 alpha (REG3A )

NM_002580

 

3.3

3.6

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 5 (HLA-DRB5)

NM_021983

 

3.1

3.9

 

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 2 (EIF4E2)

AF047695

 

3.2

4.0

 

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (EIF4B)

NM_001417

 

3.0

3.0

 

ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28 (ADAM28)

NM_021778

 

3.0

2.7

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha (HLA-DMA)

X76775

 

2.9

3.0

 

Interleukin 32 (IL32)

NM_004221

 

2.8

3.0

 

Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 (CYP3A4)

AF182273

 

2.7

2.4

 

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)

NM_001200

 

2.7

2.3

 

Solute carrier family 3, member 2 (SLC3A2)

NM_002394

 

2.7

4.2

 

Vav 3 oncogene (VAV3)

AF118887

 

2.6

2.2

 

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 (EIF2AK1)

NM_014413

 

2.6

2.7

 

DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3)

BC003637

 

2.6

3.5

 

Glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL)(glutamine synthetase)

U08626

 

2.6

3.0

 

Aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate (ALDOB)

BC005314

 

2.5

2.3

 

S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8)

NM_002964

 

2.5

2.3

 

Interleukin 10 receptor, beta (IL10RB)

BC001903

 

2.4

3.7

 

V-set domain containing T cell activation inhibitor 1 (VTCN1)

NM_024626

 

2.3

3.0

 

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47), member 1 (SERPINH1)

NM_004353

 

2.3

4.0

 

X (inactive)-specific transcript (XIST)

AV646597

 

2.3

3.3

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, B (HLA-B)

L07950

 

2.3

4.8

 

MAX-like protein X (MLX)

N40555

 

2.3

2.1

 

Phosphofructokinase, muscle (PFKM)

U24183

 

2.3

2.2

 

Carboxypeptidase M (CPM)

AW663908

 

2.2

2.8

 

Islet cell autoantigen 1(ICA1)

L21181

 

2.1

3.9

 

Pantothenate kinase 4 (PANK4)

NM_018216

 

2.1

2.8

 

Fibrinogen beta chain (FGB)

NM_005141

 

2.1

 

 

Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)

NM_007348

 

2.0

 

 

Ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2 )(autotaxin)

L35594

 

2.0

2.3

 

Retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2)

BC000069

 

2.0

3.6

 

CD53 molecule (CD53)

NM_000560

 

1.9

2.0

 

Ghrelin/obestatin preprohormone (GHRL)

AB035700

 

1.9

1.9

 

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade F, member 1 (SERPINF1)

NM_002615

 

1.9

2.0

 

Regulator of G-protein signalling 4 (RGS4)

AL514445

 

1.9

1.9

 

HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G (HLA-G)

M90685

 

1.8

3.0

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, C (HLA-C)

U62824

 

1.7

2.6

 

keratin 20 (KRT20)

AI732381

 

1.7

1.6

 

NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO1)

BC000906

 

1.7

3.4

 

HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G (HLA-G)

M90684

 

1.7

3.0

 

Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 (NR1H3)

NM_005693

 

1.6

 

 

Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5)

AB030824

 

1.6

1.8

 

PHD finger protein 15 (PHF15)

AI735639

 

1.5

 

 

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) 12 (ARHGEF12)

AI807672

 

1.5

1.8

 

Cystatin C (CST3)

NM_000099

 

1.8

3.9

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1 (HLA-DRB1)

NM_002125

 

3.1

3.7

 

Zinc finger protein 148 (ZNF148)

L04282

 

2.6

3.2

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DM alpha (HLA-DMA)

X76775

 

2.9

3.0

 

CDK5 regulatory subunit associated protein 1(CDK5RAP1)

NM_016408

 

 

2.7

 

Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4 (CYP3A4)

AF182273

 

2.7

2.4

 

Forkhead box A3 (FOXA3)

R99562

 

 

2.2

 

Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)

NM_003177

 

 

2.0

 

Serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47), member 1 (SERPINH1)

NM_004353

 

2.3

2.0

 

cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1)

M34356

 

 

2.0

 

General transcription factor IIH, polypeptide 1, 62kDa (GTF2H1)

NM_005316

 

 

1.9

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, A (HLA-A)

AI923492

 

 

1.8

 

Lamin B2 (LMNB2)

M94363

 

 

1.7

 

Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta 5 (GNB5)

NM_016194

 

 

1.6

 

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 2 (EIF4E2)

AF047695

 

3.2

1.6

 

MAX-like protein X (MLX)

N40555

 

1.7

1.6

 

Lymphoid-restricted membrane protein (LRMP)

NM_006152

 

 

1.6

 

Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6)

L13720

 

 

1.5

Metabolism

Butyrobetaine (gamma), 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase) 1 (BBOX1)

NM_003986

2.6

 

 

 

Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD)

NM_002631

1.5

2.0

3.0

 

Pancreatic lipase-related protein 1 (PNLIPRP1)

BC005233

1.5

4.4

4.9

 

Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP)

AI439556

1.5

2.7

3.2

 

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH)

AFFX-HUMGAPDH/M33197_3

 

8.5

12.8

 

Voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3)

BC002456

 

5.6

5.9

 

Esterase D/formylglutathione hydrolase (ESD)

BC001169

 

4.4

4.5

 

Glutathione S-transferase M3 (GSTM3)

AL527430

 

3.8

 

 

Argininosuccinate synthetase 1(ASS1)

NM_000050

 

3.7

3.5

 

Coenzyme Q9 homolog (COQ9)

AC004382

 

3.3

4.2

 

Acid phosphatase 1, soluble (ACP1)

BE872974

 

3.0

3.3

 

Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8 (KCNJ8)

NM_004982

 

2.5

2.2

 

Aminocarboxymuconate semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD)

AW025340

 

2.4

2.4

 

Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15 (KCNJ15)

D87291

 

2.4

2.5

 

Glutathione S-transferase theta 1 (GSTT1)

NM_000853

 

2.2

2.2

 

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2)

NM_005564

 

2.1

2.5

 

Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1)

BF116254

 

2.1

3.0

 

Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) (CP)

AI922198

 

2.0

2.1

 

Syntaxin 17 (STX17)

AW014619

 

2.0

3.1

 

Cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide (CYBA)

NM_000101

 

2.0

2.1

 

kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kynurenine 3-hydroxylase)( KMO)

AI074145

 

1.9

 

 

Glutaredoxin (GLRX)

AF162769

 

1.9

1.8

 

Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1)

NM_000365

 

1.9

 

 

Carboxyl ester lipase (bile salt-stimulated lipase)(CEL)

BC042510

 

1.9

1.6

 

Lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 2 (LGALS2)

NM_006498

 

1.8

 

 

Matrix metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3)

NM_002422

 

1.8

1.8

 

Glutathione S-transferase A3 8 GSTA3)

NM_000847

 

1.7

1.7

 

Ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase) (CP)

AI922198

 

1.7

 

 

SCO cytochrome oxidase deficient homolog 1 (SCO1)

AF183424

 

1.6

3.0

 

A kinase (PRKA) anchor protein 10 (AKAP10)

AA456929

 

1.5

1.9

 

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 2 (PCSK2)

AL031664

 

1.5

1.5

 

Ferritin, light polypeptide (FTL)

BG538564

 

8.4

18.1

 

Ribosomal protein, large, P0 (RPLP0)

AA555113

 

8.1

12.7

 

Esterase D/formylglutathione hydrolase (ESD)

BC001169

 

4.4

4.5

 

Glutathione S-transferase M3 (GSTM3)

AL527430

 

3.8

3.8

 

Vesicle-associated membrane protein 5 (VAMP5)

NM_006634

 

1.9

3.2

 

Triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1)

BF116254

 

2.1

3.0

 

Sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 1 (SULT1A1)

NM_001055

 

 

2.2

 

Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 8 (KCNJ8)

NM_004982

 

2.5

2.2

 

HLA-B associated transcript 3 (BAT3)

BC003133

 

 

1.8

 

Chromosome 11 open reading frame 24 (C11orf24)

NM_022338

 

 

1.7

 

Glutamate dehydrogenase 2 (GLUD2)

AC006144

 

 

1.6

 

Prosaposin (PSAP)

NM_002778

 

 

1.6

 

Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 1 (SORBS1)

AI377221

 

 

1.5

Apoptosis

Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondrion-associated, 1 (AIFM1)

NM_004208

1.8

1.8

2.2

 

Apolipoprotein E (APOE)

N33009

1.7

 

1.7

 

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor)(MIF)

NM_002415

 

9.3

10.3

 

Lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 (galectin 1)( LGALS1)

NM_002305

 

8.2

12.3

 

Defender against cell death 1(DAD1)

NM_001344

 

7.3

6.4

 

Clusterin (CLU)

M25915

 

3.9

6.3

 

NADH dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex, 13 (NDUFA13)

NM_015965

 

3.3

4.1

 

CD14 molecule (CD14)

NM_000591

 

2.7

2.4

 

Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta (GADD45B)

AF087853

 

2.6

4.3

 

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 12A (TNFRSF12A)

NM_016639

 

2.2

2.7

 

Death-associated protein (DAP)

NM_004394

 

1.9

3.9

 

HIV-1 Tat interactive protein 2 (HTATIP2)

NM_006410

 

1.9

2.7

 

Inhibitor of growth family, member 4 (ING4)

AA887083

 

1.8

 

 

NLR family, pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1)

NM_021730

 

1.6

1.9

 

Brain and reproductive organ-expressed (BRE)

AL566299

 

1.6

 

 

Sphingosine kinase 1(SPHK1)

NM_021972

 

1.5

1.9

 

Engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1)

NM_014800

 

 

2.3

 

Tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13 (TNFSF13)

AF114013

 

 

1.7

 

caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase)( CASP1)

U13699

 

 

1.7

 

Cell division cycle 2-like 2 (CDC2L2)

AF067524

 

 

1.5

 

Programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5)

NM_004708

 

 

1.5

Response to stimulus

Interferon induced transmembrane protein 2 (1-8D)(IFITM2)

NM_006435

 

6.4

7.8

 

Interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3)

AI075407

 

4.2

5.3

 

CD59 molecule, complement regulatory protein (CD59)

BF983379

 

3.3

2.6

 

CD55 molecule, decay accelerating factor for complement (CD55)

BC001288

 

2.6

3.6

 

C-mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (MERTK)

NM_006343

 

2.4

2.2

 

Paraoxonase 3 (PON3)

L48516

 

2.3

2.6

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class I-related (MR1)

NM_001531

 

2.2

2.0

 

Major histocompatibility complex, class I, E (HLA-E)

NM_005516

 

2.0

2.3

 

DnaJ (Hsp40) homolog, subfamily A, member 1 (DNAJA1)

NM_001539

 

1.5

2.3

 

Calcium binding atopy-related autoantigen 1 (CBARA1)

AK022697

 

 

1.8

Signal transduction

Mitogen-activated protein kinase associated protein 1 (MAPKAP1)

NM_024117

 

2.5

3.1

 

TRAF family member-associated NFKB activator (TANK)

NM_004180

 

2.2

4.7

 

Docking protein 2, 56kDa (DOK2)

AI828929

 

 

1.6

Table 4: Transcripts up-regulated by palmitate, with or without pioglitazone or exenatide, in non-diabetic human islets.