Biomarker

Omics

Analytical Method

Sample Source

Marker type

Regulation (ratio)

Ref.

Serum albumin precursor
Ig κ chain-VIII
Pyruvate kinase
α-1-antitrypsin
Prolactin-inducible protein
Cystatin SA-III
Lacritin precursor
Lysozyme
Unidentified

Proteomic

2-D SDS-PAGE
ESI-QTOF/MS

Tear (Human)

Blepharitis

Down (0.5)

Down (0.5)
Down (0.5)
Down (0.5)
Down (0.5)

Down (0.5)
Down (0.5)
Down (0.5)
Down (0.5)

[8]

IL-6
Pro-MMP-9

Proteomic

ELISA

Tear (Human)

Blepharitis

Up (2.0)
Up (2.5)

[52]

Cholesterol
Ceramides

Lipidomic

TLC

Meibum (Rabbit)

Meibomian gland deficiency

Up (2)
Up (2)

[53]

Phosphoethanolamine
Sphingomyelin

Lipidomic

TLC/HPLC
CI-GC/MS

Meibum (Human)

Chronic blepharitis with KCS

Down (0.28)
Down (0.51)

[23]

Phase  transition temperature
Hydrocarbon chain order
Lipid-lipid interaction enthalpy

Lipidomic

IR

Meibum (Human)

Meibomian gland dysfunction

Up (ND)

Up (1.3)

Up (1.3)

[54]
KCS: keratoconjunctivitis sicca Ratio: (diseased eye)/(normal eye) ND: not determined, ESI-QTOF/MS: electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry /mass spectrometry, 2-D-SDS-PAGE: two-dimensional-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, TLC/HPLC: thin-layer chromatography/high-performance liquid chromatography, CI-GC: chemical ionization-gas chromatography
Table 5: Tear- and meibum-associated potential protein and lipid biomarkers tentatively identified for blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction in animal models and human subpopulations [28].