Pathway     Sample Size Concentration   Metabolite Platform Tissue N SZ Controls relative to controls Reference Fatty acid metabolism               glycerate GC-MS serum 222 112 110 ↑ [15] eicosenoic acid GC-MS serum 222 112 110 ↑ [15] beta-hydroxybutyrate GC-MS, NMR serum, urine 222 112 110 ↑ [15] palmitic acid GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] linoleic acid GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] oleic acid GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] stearic acid GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] unsaturated fatty acids NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Glycerolipid metabolism               glycerol GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] Carbohydrate metabolism               pyruvate GC-MS serum 222 112 110 ↑ [15] acetate NMR CSF, serum 152 82 70 ↓ [14] lactate NMR CSF, serum 152 82 70 ↓ [14]   NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↑* [12]   GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] Glycolysis               glucose GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11]   NMR CSF, serum 152 82 70 ↑ [14]   NMR urine 22 11 11 ↑* [12]   NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Amino-acid metabolism               cystine GC-MS serum 222 112 110 ↓ [15] ornithine FIA-MS plasma 481 213 216 ↑ [21] arginine FIA-MS plasma 481 213 216 ↓ [21] glutamine FIA-MS plasma 481 213 216 ↓ [21] histadine FIA-MS plasma 481 213 216 ↓ [21] 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] valine NMR urine 22 11 11 ↑* [12] trimethylamine-N-oxide NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Inositol phosphate metabolism               myo-inositol GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] glucuronic acid GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism               alanine NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↑* [12] N-acetylaspartate GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] aspartate GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism               glycine GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11]   NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↑* [12]   NMR urine 22 11 11 ↑* [12] Tricarboxylic acid cycle               citrate GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11]   NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] α-Ketoglutarate GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11]   NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Vitamin E metabolism               γ-Tocopherol GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] Uric acid metabolism               allantoin GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] Purine metabolism               uric acid UPLC-MS/MS plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Tryptophan metabolism               tryptophan GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↓ [11] Fatty acid amides               oleamide LC-TOF-MS serum 129 70 59 ↑ [22] linoleamide LC-TOF-MS serum 129 70 59 ↑ [22] hepatodecenoic amide LC-TOF-MS serum 129 70 59 ↑ [22] palmitic amide LC-TOF-MS serum 129 70 59 ↑ [22] palmitoleic amide LC-TOF-MS serum 129 70 59 ↑ [22] myristic amide LC-TOF-MS serum 129 70 59 ↑ [22] Antioxidants               total antioxidant status spectrophotometric assays plasma 197 49 102 ↓ [17] glutathione spectrophotometric assays erythrocytes 197 49 102 ↓ [17]   spectrophotometry erythrocytes 68 23 45 ↓ [22] glutathione peroxidase spectrophotometric assays erythrocytes 197 49 102 ↑ [17]   spectrophotometry erythrocytes 68 23 45 ↑ [22] catalase spectrophotometry erythrocytes 68 23 45 ↓ [22] taurine NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Oxidants               homocysteine HPLC plasma 38 19 19 ↑ [14] protein carbonyl content ELISA plasma 38 19 19 ↑ [14]   reaction with dinitrophenylhydrazine serum 118 61 57 ↑ [15] 3-Nitrotyrosine ELISA plasma 38 19 19 ↑ [14] thiobarbituric acid reactive substances spectrophotometry plasma 38 19 19 ↑ [14]   not clear serum 118 61 57 ↑ [15] xanthine oxidase spectrophotometry cytosol of  occipital cortex 24 12 12 ↓ [17]   spectrophotometry cytosol of  thalamus 24 12 12 ↓ [17] Phospholipids               phosphatidylcholineae C38:6 FIA-MS plasma 481 265 216 ↓ [21] lysophosphatidylcholine UPLC-MS/MS plasma 22 11 11 ↑ [12] phosphatidylcholine UPLC-MS/MS plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Cytokines               interleukin-6 ELISA serum 118 61 57 ↑ [15] interleukin-10 ELISA serum 118 61 57 ↑ [15] Steroid biosynthesis               cholesterol GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] Lipoproteins               low-density lipoprotein NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] very low-density lipoprotein NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] very low-density lipoprotein/low density lipid protein NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] high density lipid protein NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] lipid NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] lipoprotein NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] Other pathways               lactobionic acid GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] erythrose GC-MS serum 36 18 18 ↑ [11] 3-indolebutyrate fragments UPLC-MS/MS plasma 22 11 11 ↑* [12] hippurate UPLC-MS/MS urine 22 11 11 ↓ [12]   NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓ [12] creatine NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] creatinine NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12]   UPLC-MS/MS urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] pregnanediol UPLC-MS/MS urine 22 11 11 ↑* [12]   NMR urine 22 11 11 ↓* [12] 3-hydroxybutyrate NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] acetoacetate NMR plasma 22 11 11 ↓* [12] *did not survive Bonferroni correction. CSF; cerebrospinal fluid, ELISA; enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay, FIA-MS;Flow Injection Analysis/Thermospray Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry , HPLC; high performace liquid chromatography, LC-TOF-MS; liquid chromatography-time of fight-mass spectrometry,NMR; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, SZ; schizophrenia, UPLC-MS/MS;ultra-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry

Table 1: Metabolic abnormalities in patients with psychotic disorders.