Pathway |
|
|
Sample Size |
|
|
Concentration |
|
Metabolite |
Platform |
Tissue |
N |
SZ |
Controls |
Antipsychotic |
Length of treatment |
relative to pre-treatment |
Reference |
Lipid class |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
free fatty acids |
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
olanzapine |
2-3 weeks |
↓ |
[13] |
phosphatidylcholine |
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
olanzapine |
2-3 weeks |
↑ |
[13] |
|
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
risperidone |
2-3 weeks |
↑ |
[13] |
phosphatidylethanolamine |
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
olanzapine |
2-3 weeks |
↑ |
[13] |
|
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
risperidone |
2-3 weeks |
↑ |
[13] |
|
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
aripriprazole |
2-3 weeks |
↑ |
[13] |
|
HPLC |
plasma |
43 |
27 |
16 |
olanzapine |
2-3 weeks |
↑ |
[13] |
lysophosphatidylcholine |
UPLC-MS/MS |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
phosphatidylcholine |
UPLC-MS/MS |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
Glycolysis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
glucose |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
|
NMR |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
|
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
lactate |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
|
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
Purine metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
uric acid |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
|
UPLC-MS/MS |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
|
UPLC-MS/MS |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
Vitamin E metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
γ-Tocopherol |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
aspartate |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↓ |
[11] |
Tryptophan metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tryptophan |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
Fatty acid metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
linoleic acid |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
oleic acid |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
stearic acid |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↓ |
[11] |
Steroid biosynthesis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cholesterol |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
Tyrosine metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tyrosine |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
phenylalanine |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↑ |
[11] |
Carbohydate metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
erythrose |
GC-MS |
serum |
36 |
18 |
18 |
risperidone |
8 weeks |
↓ |
[11] |
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
glycine |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
Lipoproteins |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lipoprotein |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
low-density lipoprotein |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
very low-density lipoprotein |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
very low-density lipoprotein/low density lipid protein |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
high density lipid protein |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
lipid |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
unsaturated fatty acids |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
Antioxidants |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
taurine |
NMR |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
Amino-acid metabolism |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
trimethylamine-N-oxide |
NMR |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
Other pathways |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3-indolebutyrate fragments |
UPLC-MS/MS |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
creatine |
NMR |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
creatinine |
UPLC-MS/MS |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
|
NMR |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
pregnanediol |
UPLC-MS/MS |
urine |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↑* |
[12] |
3-hydroxybutyrate |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
acetoacetate |
NMR |
plasma |
22 |
11 |
11 |
risperidone |
6 weeks |
↓* |
[12] |
*did not survive Bonferroni correction. GC-MS; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry , HPLC; high performace liquid chromatography, NMR; nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy, SZ; schizophrenia, UPLC-MS/MS; ultra-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry |