System |
Observed alteration |
General |
↓ body weight
↓ basal metabolic rate
↓ body water
↓ percentage of lean body mass
↑ percentage of fat body mass |
Circulatory |
↓ cardíac output
↓ tissue blood flow
↓plasma albumin |
Gastrointestinal |
↓ gastric acid production
↓ gastric emptying rate
↓intestinal motility
↓blood flow
↓ absorptive surface |
Hepatic |
↓mass
↓blood flow (arterial and/ou portal) |
Renal |
↓ glomerular filtration rate
↓ tubular function |
Pulmonary |
↓vital capacity |
(↑) Increase; (↓) Decrease