Demaret et al., 2014 Perneger et al., 1998 van den Brink et al., 2003 March et al., 2006 Haasen et al., 2007 Oviedo-Joekes et al., 2009 Strang et al., 2010 Year of beginning of recruitment 2011 1995 1998 2003 2002 2005 2005 Number of participants 74 51 549 62 1015 251 127                 Sociodemographic characteristics               Age 43 32 39 37 36 40 37 Men 88% 75% 80% 90% 80% 61% 73% Employment 3% - 8% 5% - 16% 2% Social or medical assistance 78% 46% 58% - 49% 36% - Unstable housing 28% - 13%2 21%3 31%4 73%5 -                 Criminological data               Illegal incomes as main source of income during previous month 11% - 27% - 23% - - Illegal activities during previous month 50%6 - - - 73% 74%6 - Ever convicted 93% - - - 96% 94% - Ever incarcerated 64% - 82% - 75% - 73%                 Drug use and treatment               Life time drug use               Heroine 20 - 16 20 14 14 16 Methadone 14 - 12 - - - - 1 Any hepatitis 2 Stable housing = 87% 3 Homeless 4 Stable housing situation = 70% 5 Homeless or living in shelter or hotel room

Table 3: Comparison with other heroin-assisted treatment trials.