| Author |
Year |
Study design |
Country |
Income group |
Region |
Number analyzed |
M (%) |
Age (years) |
HIV duration (years) |
ART (%) |
Incarcerated (%) |
Homosexual (%) |
| Ajuoga |
2009 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
215 |
69 |
45 ± 8.3 |
|
|
|
|
| Altice |
2011 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
295 |
68.1 |
45.2 ± 8.2 |
|
59.7 |
|
19 |
| Belloso |
2010 |
Cohort |
Multiple |
LMIC |
America |
520 |
|
|
5.5 ± 4.4 |
80 |
|
|
| Berg |
2009 |
RCT |
USA |
High |
America |
77 |
53 |
47 ± 6.9 |
13 ± 4 |
100 |
|
|
| Bertolaccini |
2008 |
Cohort |
Italy |
High |
Europe |
26 |
85 |
39 ± 6.1 |
|
85 |
|
23 |
| Buchacz |
2008 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
7155 |
80.5 |
|
|
|
|
58.5 |
| Castellares |
2008 |
Cross-sectional |
Spain |
High |
Europe |
2168 |
76.2 |
42 ± 6 |
|
|
|
34 |
| Chander |
2006 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
1957 |
63.7 |
|
|
73.2 |
|
23.6 |
| Chao |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
12872 |
90 |
40.1 ± 9.8 |
2.8 ± 4.1 |
21.1 |
|
61.6 |
| Fuster |
2014 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
400 |
74.7 |
43 ± 7.4 |
|
62 |
|
|
| Fuster |
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
308 |
73.1 |
42.8 ± 7.3 |
|
60.4 |
|
|
| Goar |
2011 |
Cross-sectional |
Nigeria |
LMIC |
Africa |
160 |
35.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Goh |
2007 |
Cross-sectional |
Singapore |
High |
W/Pacific |
96 |
89.6 |
40.2 ± 7.3 |
|
|
|
22 |
| Green |
2010 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
3160 |
97.5 |
49.4 ± 8.8 |
|
|
|
|
| Grzeszczuk |
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
Poland |
LMIC |
Europe |
457 |
76.6 |
38 ± 6.1 |
10 ± 3.3 |
|
23.4 |
8.8 |
| Hayashi |
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
Thailand |
LMIC |
W/Pacific |
128 |
80.4 |
|
|
54.7 |
93.3 |
|
| Helleberg |
2013 |
Cohort |
Denmark |
High |
Europe |
2921 |
77.5 |
43.3 ± 6.6 |
7 ± 2.6 |
77.4 |
|
52.9 |
| Hsu |
2013 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
30533 |
95.5 |
50.3 ± 11 |
|
|
|
|
| Ibrahim |
2014 |
Cross-sectional |
Nigeria |
LMIC |
Africa |
250 |
47.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ikeda |
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
Brazil |
LMIC |
America |
1240 |
50.6 |
39.1 ± 10 |
|
65.7 |
|
|
| Josephs |
2010 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
951 |
68 |
|
|
69 |
|
34 |
| Justice |
2010 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
9784 |
97.9 |
45 |
|
|
|
|
| Kabali |
2011 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
462 |
77 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kagimu |
2012 |
Case-control |
Uganda |
LMIC |
Africa |
106 |
18 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Kellerman |
2003 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
16248 |
70.8 |
|
|
47.1 |
|
38.4 |
| Kellinghaus |
2008 |
Cross-sectional |
Germany |
High |
Europe |
51 |
74.5 |
37 ± 2.5 |
|
72.6 |
|
|
| Kim |
2006 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
349 |
89.3 |
40.7 ± 7.2 |
|
31.8 |
17.8 |
|
| Korthuis |
2015 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
3038 |
97.5 |
49 ± 8.8 |
|
83.9 |
|
|
| Korthuis |
2012 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
3410 |
97.4 |
49.1 ± 8.8 |
|
83.2 |
|
|
|
| Krupitsky |
2005 |
Cross-sectional |
Russia |
High |
Europe |
201 |
62 |
26.6 ± 8.2 |
|
|
|
|
| Lim |
2014 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
2111 |
97.7 |
48.5 ± 2.5 |
|
82.6 |
|
|
| Luo |
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
China |
LMIC |
W/Pacific |
551 |
66.2 |
|
|
67.5 |
9.3 |
|
| Mayer |
2010 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
398 |
100 |
41.5 ± 8.4 |
8.6 ± 6.7 |
66.1 |
|
100 |
| Mayer |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
557 |
78.6 |
42 ± 2.8 |
4.9 ± 1.5 |
78 |
|
65.5 |
| McGinnis |
2013 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
444 |
|
50 ± 8.4 |
|
|
|
|
| Merlin |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
1521 |
42.3 |
43.7 |
|
|
|
54.9 |
| Merlin |
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
1903 |
77.4 |
43.6 |
|
|
|
52.7 |
| Metsch |
2009 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
1038 |
62 |
|
|
42 |
31.4 |
|
| Miaskowski |
2011 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
296 |
70.7 |
48.2 ± 7.3 |
|
74.4 |
|
|
| Mijch |
2006 |
Cohort |
Australia |
High |
W/Pacific |
2981 |
93.5 |
|
|
|
|
4.3 |
| Moore |
2012 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
117 |
87.5 |
43.7 ± 7.8 |
|
|
|
|
| Nahvi |
2012 |
RCT |
USA |
High |
America |
77 |
53 |
47 ± 7 |
|
100 |
|
|
| Nakimuli-Mpungu |
2011 |
Cross-sectional |
Uganda |
LMIC |
Africa |
500 |
30.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Newville |
2015 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
295 |
67.8 |
47.5 ± 9.7 |
11.5 |
100 |
|
|
| Nicolleti |
2007 |
Cross-sectional |
Brazil |
LMIC |
America |
385 |
70 |
37.5 ± 8.6 |
|
70 |
|
|
| Nunes |
2006 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
401 |
73 |
|
|
59 |
23 |
|
|
| Obel |
2011 |
Cohort |
Denmark |
High |
Europe |
2267 |
73.9 |
40.8 ± 3.6 |
5.3 |
|
|
38.5 |
| Omland |
2010 |
Cohort |
Denmark |
High |
Europe |
392 |
59.5 |
39 ± 2.6 |
6.5 ± 3 |
37.5 |
|
|
| Pace |
2012 |
Cross-sectional |
Russia |
High |
Europe |
682 |
60 |
30 ± 5.2 |
|
17.2 |
38.1 |
2.1 |
| Pakkala |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
80 |
80 |
52 |
|
70 |
|
19 |
| Pintado |
2001 |
Cross-sectional |
Spain |
High |
Europe |
80 |
80 |
|
|
|
|
7.5 |
| Robinson-Papp |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
636 |
77 |
41 |
|
|
|
|
| Ruan |
2007 |
Cohort |
China |
LMIC |
W/Pacific |
229 |
82.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Ryan |
2004 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
107 |
81.3 |
43.5 ± 7.2 |
|
|
|
|
| Salmon-Ceron |
2009 |
Cohort |
France |
High |
Europe |
898 |
75 |
46 |
11.8 |
88 |
|
26 |
| Sambamoorthi |
2000 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
5559 |
54.2 |
|
|
58.8 |
|
|
| Scribner |
2000 |
Case-control |
USA |
High |
America |
75 |
89.3 |
39.5 |
|
|
|
61 |
| Siemieniuk |
2012 |
Cross-sectional |
Canada |
High |
America |
687 |
|
45 ± 10.2 |
|
|
10.5 |
|
| Silverberg |
2013 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
4137 |
87.6 |
47.2 ± 8.8 |
10 ± 5.9 |
81.1 |
|
61.6 |
| Sullivan |
2006 |
RCT |
USA |
High |
America |
16 |
94 |
47.2 ± 8.5 |
|
|
|
|
| Surrat |
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
503 |
59.5 |
46.1 ± 7.8 |
13.3 ± 7.3 |
|
|
| Tabarsi |
2012 |
Cross-sectional |
Iran |
LMIC |
E/Mediterranean |
111 |
96.4 |
38 ± 9 |
|
26.1 |
88.1 |
0.9 |
| Tetrault |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
114 |
97 |
49 |
|
52 |
|
|
| Towner |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
20775 |
91 |
41 |
3.5 |
33 |
|
59 |
| Tsui |
2012 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
397 |
74.8 |
42.5 ± 7.5 |
|
|
|
|
| Tyurina |
2013 |
Cohort |
Russia |
High |
Europe |
700 |
59.3 |
30.1 ± 5.2 |
|
17.3 |
|
|
| Vagenas |
2014 |
RCT |
USA |
High |
America |
85 |
78.8 |
46 |
|
81.2 |
|
|
| Vallecillo |
2013 |
Cross-sectional |
Spain |
High |
Europe |
91 |
63.7 |
44.5 ± 8 |
|
74.7 |
|
|
|
| Van der Werf |
2006 |
Cross-sectional |
Ukraine |
High |
Europe |
968 |
73.6 |
|
|
|
12.1 |
|
| Vergara-Rodriguez |
2011 |
Cohort |
USA |
High |
America |
303 |
|
|
|
60 |
|
|
| Vidrine |
2006 |
RCT |
USA |
High |
America |
95 |
77.9 |
42.9 ± 8.1 |
|
|
|
37.9 |
| Whetten |
2012 |
Cross-sectional |
USA |
High |
America |
611 |
68.7 |
40.1 ± 25 |
|
|
|
44.5 |
|
| Table 1: Characteristics of eligible studies, ART: antiretroviral therapy; E/Mediterranean: eastern mediterranean; LMIC: low- and middle-income country; M: males; W/Pacific |
