Session Product Time Product x Time Morning (N=37) F (df), p value Urge to smoke 12.46 (1, 36) p=0.001 20.20 (3.15, 113.20) p<0.001 20.20 (2.75, 99.13) p=0.009 Composite withdrawal 11.39 (1, 36) p=0.002 10.30 (4, 77.45) p<0.001 2.23 (4, 33) p=0.087 Morning (N=17)*       Urge to smoke 20.59 (1, 16) p<0.001 9.29 (4, 64) p<0.001 1.51 (2.42, 38.73) p=0.230 Composite withdrawal 13.35 (1, 16) p=0.002 5.71 (1.81, 28.97) p=0.010 0.92 (4, 64) p=0.457 Evening (N=17)*       Urges to smoke 0.008 (1, 16) p=0.932 6.80 (2.44, 38.98) p=0.002 1.23 (2.44, 39.02) p=0.312 Composite withdrawal 0.42 (1, 16) p=0.525 1.26 (1.27, 3.17) p=0.286 0.30 (4, 64) p=0.903

Repeated measures ANOVA analyses with Product [E-cig vs. Stress Ball] x Time [5 levels: baseline, 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes]. Items were rated on 11-point scale: 0(not at all) to 10(extremely) *Analyses include only those participants who abstained from smoking over both study days

Table 2: Summary of ANOVA analyses for urge-to-smoke and withdrawal ratings over 1 hour, Ratings of urge to smoke and withdrawal symptoms over 1 hour in the morning session by product (E-cigarette/Stress Ball). Product was used over first 5 minutes. Items were rated on 11-point scale: 0(not at all) to 10(extremely). Error bars represent SEM. N=37.