| |
High-intensity group
(n=234) |
Low-intensity group
(n=342) |
P-value |
| Number of hospitals |
19 |
30 |
|
| Number of patients |
234 |
342 |
|
| Hospital background |
|
|
|
| Number of beds in hospital |
637.8±333.4 |
467.2±153.2 |
0.15 |
| Number of ICU beds |
12.7±9.9 |
5.8±4.6 |
0.01* |
| Number of intensivists per bed |
0.4±0.3 |
0.3±0.4 |
0.62 |
| Number of nurses per bed per day |
1.8±0.9 |
1.7±1.1 |
0.72 |
| Patient background |
|
|
|
| Age |
71.6±12.7 |
71.4±13.8 |
0.86 |
| Gender (male %) |
60.2 |
58.7 |
0.74 |
| (female %) |
79.8 |
41.3 |
| Admission course (%) |
|
|
|
| Scheduled |
12.3 |
12.9 |
0.85 |
| Emergency |
87.7 |
87.1 |
| Reason for ICU entry (%) |
|
|
|
| Internal medical disease |
57.4 |
44.6 |
0.11 |
| Post-emergency surgery |
21.8 |
31.3 |
| Post-scheduled surgery |
20.8 |
24.1 |
| Processes of care |
|
|
|
| Initiation of antibiotic empirical therapy during ICU stay (%) |
86.3 |
85.4 |
0.89 |
| (Carbapenem) (%) |
52.1 |
52.6 |
0.51 |
| (3rd or 4th generation cephalosporin) (%) |
24.8 |
26.1 |
0.59 |
| (Combination of a β-lactam and an aminoglycoside) (%) |
9.4 |
6.7 |
0.48 |
| Enteral feeding (%) |
90.2 |
88.6 |
0.45 |
| Timing of initiation of enteral feeding (days) |
6.0±8.4 |
9.0±10.1 |
<0.01** |
| (Gastrointestinall diseases) |
7.8±6.9 (n=68) |
9.8±7.6 (n=129) |
0.32 |
| (Other diseases) |
5.4±5.4 (n=166) |
7.9±7.8 (n=213) |
0.04* |
| Parenteral nutrition (%) |
71.7 |
74.2 |
0.45 |
| Timing of initiation of parenteral nutrition (days) |
2.9±5.0 |
2.6±3.8 |
0.54 |
| Mechanical ventilation (%) |
67.2 |
65.6 |
0.69 |
| Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) |
7.5±7.3 |
11.5±10 |
<0.01** |
| Dialysis (%) |
6.6 |
8.9 |
0.35 |
| Times of dialysis |
4.6±4.2 |
4.4±6.3 |
0.85 |
| Outcomes |
|
|
|
| Duration of hospital stay for survivors (days) |
29.5±14.2 (n=111) |
33.1±14.9 (n=162) |
0.04* |
| Duration of hospital stay for non-survivors (days) |
20.5±16.4 (n=123) |
22.2±15.5 (n=180) |
0.36 |
| ICU duration of stay for survivors (days) |
8.8±5.6 (n=172) |
10.5±9.7 (n=267) |
0.15 |
| ICU duration of stay for non-survivors (days) |
6.5±7.4 (n=62) |
7.6±9.5 (n=75) |
0.52 |
| Expected mortality (%) |
21.7±19.8 |
20.6±18.7 |
0.54 |
| ICU mortality (%) |
26.5 |
21.9 |
0.21 |
| 28-day mortality (%) |
39.2 |
44.4 |
0.53 |
| Hospital mortality (%) |
47.4 |
45.9 |
0.73 |
