Factors |
Comments |
Reference |
Patient-related |
DM |
DM predisposes to RAO as shown in a large study of predictors of RAO, using a regression model |
46. Zhou YJ, Zhao YX, Cao Z et al. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87: 1531-4. |
Female gender |
RAO is more frequent in females as shown in a large study of predictors of RAO, using a regression model |
46. Zhou YJ, Zhao YX, Cao Z et al. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87: 1531-4. |
Low BMI |
Low body weight patients are at significantly higher risk of RAO |
51. Pancholy SB. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104: 1083-5. |
Procedural-related |
Anticoagulation |
Heparin was shown to be crucial in reducing incidence of RAO, with a dose-dependent beneficial effect. No difference in magnitude of effect between IV and IA route of administration |
45. Lefevre T, Thebault B, Spaulding C et al. Eur Heart J 1995; 16: 293.
46. Zhou YJ, Zhao YX, Cao Z et al. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87: 1531-4 |
Size of sheath and catheters |
Ratio of sheath outer diameter to inner diameter of radial artery is indirectly proportionate to incidence of RAO. The bigger lower the ration (i.e. the bigger the sheath), the higher the incidence of RAO. |
46. Zhou YJ, Zhao YX, Cao Z et al. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87: 1531-4
52. Saito S, Ikei H, Hosokawa G, Tanaka S. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 1999; 46: 173-8 |
Successive cannulation |
Incidence of TRA dropouts increases as successive punctures were performed due to narrowing and occlusion of the radial artery, probably as a function of repeated punctures |
53. Sakai H, Ikeda S, Harada T et al. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2001; 54: 204-8. |
Occlusive hemostasis |
Use of occlusive hemostasis, and duration of radial artery compression post-procedure is an independent predictor of RAO. Patent hemostasis reduces incidence of RAO. |
46. Zhou YJ, Zhao YX, Cao Z et al. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87: 1531-4.
51. Pancholy SB. Am J Cardiol 2009; 104: 1083-5. |
