Diseases Protein that forms toxic oligomers Cell lost T2DM islet amyloid polypeptide b-cells Alzheimer’s diseasea b-amyloid protein cortical neurons Parkinson’s diseasea synuclein dopaminergic neurons Prion encephalopathy/ transmissible spongiform encephalopathies prion cortical neurons Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutant superoxide dysmutase motor neurons Polyglutamine/Huntington’s disease Huntington’s polyglutamine pyramidal neurons The islet amyloid is derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP,amylin),a protein co-expressed and co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic β-cells. aIt must be noted that anti-IgG T. gondii antibodies were found to be significantly increased in both Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases as compared with controls (p<0.001)

Table 23: The common molecular basis of islet amyloidogenic proteins-related T2DM and neurodegenerative diseases (according to Haataja et al. [439]; with own modification).