Transplant Type Donor Type Indications for Diabetes Mellitus Advantages Disadvantages Pancreas Transplantation Alone (PTA) Deceased or Living (rarely) T1DM with preserved renal function Short- and long-term outcomes ↑↑↑ - Peri-operative complications ↑↑ - Life-long immunosuppression ↑↑↑ Kidney Transplantation (KT) Deceased or Living T1DM and T2DM with CKD stage 4-5 Short- and long-term outcomes ↑↑↑ - Peri-operative complications ↑ - No impact on diabetes control - Life-long immunosuppression ↑↑↑ Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney (SPK) Deceased or Living (rarely) T1DM and T2DM (by indications) with CKD stage 4-5 - Short- and long-term outcomes ↑↑↑ - Excellent diabetes control - Single operation - Peri-operative complications ↑↑ - Life-long immunosuppression ↑↑↑ Pancreas After Kidney (PAK) Deceased T1DM with a kidney allograft - Short- and long-term outcomes ↑↑ - Excellent diabetes control - Peri-operative complications ↑↑ - Two consecutive operations - Life-long immunosuppression ↑↑↑ Islet Transplantation Deceased T1DM with preserved renal function or with a kidney allograft - no operation - Peri-operative complications ↓↓↓ - Short- and long-term outcomes ↓ or ↓↓ -  Life-long immunosuppression ↑↑↑

PTA: Pancreas Transplantation Alone; KT: Kidney Transplantation; SPK: Simultaneous Pancreas Kidney; PAK: Pancreas After Kidney; IT: Islet transplantation for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (CKD: Chronic Kidney Disease)

Table 1: Transplant options.