| Characteristic |
Traditional Medicine |
Precision Medicine |
Personalized Medicine* |
| Active Ingredient |
Single |
Single |
Multiple |
| Target population |
Population |
Population |
Individuals |
| Primary focus |
Mean |
Inter-subject variability |
Intra-subject variability |
| Dose/Regimen |
Fixed |
Fixed |
Flexible |
| Beneficial |
Average patient |
Subgroup of patients |
Individual patients |
| Statistical Method |
Hypotheses testing
Confidence interval |
Hypotheses testing
Confidence interval |
Hypotheses testing
Confidence interval |
|
Use of biomarker |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
| Blinding |
Yes |
Yes |
May be difficult |
| Objective |
Accuracy |
Accuracy
Precision |
Accuracy
Precision
Reproducibility |
|
Study design |
Parallel/crossover |
Parallel/crossover
Adaptive design |
Parallel/Crossover
Adaptive design |
|
Probability of success |
Low |
Mild-to-moderate |
High |
