Figure 2:Homeostasis and downstream effects of cAMP signaling in immune cells. The actions of cAMP are highly dependent on cell type, initiating stimulus, and target microdomain and effectors. cAMP signaling pathways commonly exert their effects via gene expression. Of particular importance in inflammatory skin disease, increased intracellular cAMP in immune cells induces antiinflammatory gene expression while suppressing pro-inflammatory gene expression.