| Characteristics1 |
Obese Group n=78
n(%) |
Non-obese Group
n=78
n(%) |
p-value |
Vitamin D deficiency-insuffiency
n=148
n(%) |
Vitamin D sufficiency
n=8
n(%) |
p-value |
| Ethnicity2 |
| Javanese |
24(30.8) |
48(61.5) |
0.334 |
61(41) |
2(25) |
0.591 |
| Bataknese |
39 (50) |
23(29.5) |
|
59(40) |
4(50) |
|
| Others |
19(19.2) |
7(9) |
|
36(19) |
2(25) |
|
| Occupation |
| Indoors |
56(71.8) |
51(65.4) |
0.388 |
107(72.3) |
0 |
0.001* |
| |
22(28.2) |
27(34.6) |
|
41(27.7) |
8(100) |
|
| Sun exposure per day(mean±SD) |
| =60 minutes (38.2±10.12 minutes) |
39(50) |
34(43.6) |
0.422 |
75(50.7) |
0 |
0.007* |
| >60 minutes (218.33±99.34 minutes) |
39(50) |
44(56.4) |
|
73(49.3) |
8(100) |
|
| Dressing style |
| Wearing hijab |
27(34.6) |
33(42.3) |
0.323 |
91(61,.5) |
5(62.5) |
1.00 |
| Not wearing hijab |
51(65.4) |
45(57.7) |
|
57(38.3) |
3(37.5) |
|
| Physical activity (mean±SD) |
| Low(4.70±0.59) |
52(66.7) |
50(64.1) |
0.860 |
100(67.6) |
2(25) |
0.014* |
| Moderate (6.94±0.16) |
26(33.3) |
28(35.9) |
|
48(32.4) |
6(75) |
OR:6.25 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
CI 95% |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1.21-32.12 |
| Vitamin D intake(mean±SD) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Less (2.81±2.80mg/day) |
68(87.2) |
61(78.2) |
0.204 |
125(84.5) |
4(50.0) |
0.012* |
| Moderate (17.12±8.9mg/day) |
10(12.8) |
17 (21.8) |
|
23(15.5) |
4(50.0) |
OR:5.43 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
CI 95% |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
1.26-23.29 |
| Body fat percentage (mean±SD) |
| Normal (26.21±3.34%) |
2(2.6) |
54(69.2) |
0.001* |
49(33.1) |
1(12.5) |
0.003* |
| High (35.19±3.33%) |
76(97.4) |
24(30.8) |
OR:0.012 |
99(66.9) |
7(87.5) |
OR:14.14 |
| |
|
|
CI 95% |
|
|
CI 95% |
| |
|
|
0.17-0.35 |
|
|
|
| 25(OH)D serum categorized (mean±SD) |
| Deficiency-insufficiency (17.78±5.68ng/mL) |
77(98.7) |
72(9.3) |
0.152 |
|
|
|
| Sufficiency (37.37±4.79ng/mL |
1(1.3) |
6(7.7) |
|
|
|
|
1Lifestyles: occupation, sunlight exposure per day, dressing style, sunscreen application, physical activity;
2Ethnicity: Bataknese: Batak, Mandailing, and Karo; Others: Aceh,
Minangkabau, Malay, Chinese, Nias;
* = p value with significance at p<0.05 |
