| Year/Author |
Test Article |
Bioactivity |
| Immunomodulation |
| Activate Macrophages |
| 2001 Li-Qin Jin |
Paecilomyces cicadae mycelium |
Rat were intravenously injected with Paecilomyces cicadae (500 mg/kg) resulted in increased LDH and ACP activity of rat pulmonary macrophages and enhanced phagocytic capacity for neutral red of rat alveolar macrophages. It could boost immune function without affecting the membrane permeability or destroying the cell membrane structure [10]. |
| 2008 Li-Qin Jin |
Polysaccharides of Paecilomyces cicadae mycelium |
Paecilomycescicadae polysaccharides alleviated decline in the number of leukocytes induced by environmental ammonium sulfate in tumor-burdened mice, thus increasing numbers of leukocytes and elevating spleen index [11]. |
| Promote the Phagocytosis of Macrophage |
| 1996 Qiu-Yang Chi |
Artificially cultivated C. cicadae mycelia |
Lymphatic transformation experiment, the erythrocyte rosette test and EA rosette test, immunospecific rosette forming cell test (IR-FC), assay for phagocytosis of macrophages antibody titers in response to challenge by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were conducted and results showed that C. cicadae could obviously boost immune system [12]. |
| 2002 Shu-Cheng Weng |
C. cicadae extracted with the same proportion of water and methanol |
C. cicadae promoted monocyte proliferation and human body's immunological responses, which might be attributed to the cytokines such as IL-12 and IFN-γ contained in C. cicadae [13]. |
| 2007 Jie-Min Song |
Wild C. cicadae |
It improved the humoral immune response and enhanced the phagocytosis of macrophage in mice [14]. |
| 2008 Jie-Zan Yang |
Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharides |
It enhanced the phagocytosis of macrophage, spleen lymphocyte proliferation response as well as the ACP, LDH, and ARG activity in spleen [15]. |
| Improve immune responses in the liver, kidney, spleen and thymus |
| 2005 Li-Qin Jin |
Polysaccharidesof Paecilomyces cicadae mycelium |
It could improve ACP, LDH, and Arg activities in liver, kidney, spleen and thymus, suggesting the macrophage origin of the ACP, LDH, and Arg in those Organs. Thus, it conferred immune regulatory function the liver, kidney, spleen and thymus [16]. |
| Anti-aging Properties |
| 2001 Li-Qin Jin |
Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharides |
It increased the GSH levels and decreased the LPO contents in the liver and kidney tissue significantly in the aged rats. Results suggested that paecilomyces could inhibit the lipid peroxidation of cell membrane, which might serve as an ideal free radical scavenger or free radicals reaction inhibitors [17]. |
| 2004 Jie-Zuan Yang |
Polysaccharides of Paecilomyces cicadae mycelium |
Aged Rats were subcutaneously injected for 3 weeks resulted in significantly increase in the wet weight of spleen and spleen-to-body-weight ratio. Elevated peripheral white blood cells (WBC) were also observed in aging rats [18]. |
| Protection of Renal Function |
| Alleviate Glomerulosclerosis and Improve the Chronic Renal Failure |
| 2011 Rong Zhu |
Artificially cultivated C. cicadae fruiting bodies |
It could effectively down-regulate the expression of type IV collagen and fibronectin (FN) and decreased production of TGF-ß1 and CTGF, which thereby reduced the risk of renal fibrosis progression to kidney failure [19]. |
| 2004 Yang Min |
Paecilomyces cicadae mycelium |
It significantly inhibited progression of chronic renal failure in rats, delivering therapeutic effect on chronic renal failure [20]. |
| 2006 Zhou-Hui Jin |
Cordyceps cicadae Shing Tang |
It effectively increased the clearance rates of blood and urine Creatinine, improved serum protein contents and lessened protein discharge in urine. C. cicadae improved renal tubulointerstitial lesions and protected the renal tubular function. It also regulated renal hemodynamics and triglyceride levels, reducing the serum cholesterol level [23]. |
| 2006 Lin Wang |
Artificially cultivated C. cicadae mycelia |
It Inhibited the progression of glomerulosclerosis and proliferation of mesangial cells. It could block the main source of the ECM by inhibiting MsC proliferation, thus suppressing the cellular proliferation and spread of inflammation. The down-regulation effect on FN is similar to that of western medicine lotensin [24]. |
| Alleviate Renal Anemia |
| 2007 Jie-Min Song |
Mycelia of C. cicadae |
The efficacy of C. cicadae on improving renal anemia was superior to that of the mycelia of C. sinensis. C. cicadae significantly increased hemoglobin content, numbers of erythrocyte and hematocrit in rats [25]. |
| Lower Blood Glucose Levels |
| 2007 Jie-Min Song |
Wild C. cicadae |
Water extract of wild C. cicadae significantly reduced blood glucose levels in mice with diabetes induced by alloxan in a dose-dependent manner. It should be noted that C. cicadae also lowered the blood glucose levels in normal mice [26]. |
| Anti-tumor Properties |
| Mouse Sarcoma Cell Line (S180) |
| 1990 Kiho |
C. cicadae polysaccharides |
Mice were orally administrated with C. cicadae (20 mg/kg) resulted in 47% inhibition against S180 mouse sarcoma [27]. |
| Leukemia Cell Line (U973 and K562 ) |
| 2006 Bai-Kun Chen |
Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharides |
Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharide elevated proliferation of human peripheral blood monocyts and directly retarded the progression of leukemia by increased secretion of hTNF-α and hINF-γ in tumor tissues after 44 hours of s treatment [28]. |
| Lung Cancer Cell Line (PAA-1) |
| 2006Bo-Zhen Lu |
C. cicadae |
Crude extract of C. cicadae selectively killed PAA cells in C2/M phage and significantly inhibited growth of PAA cells [29]. |
| 2010 Ju-Fen Cai |
Paecilomyces cicadae polysaccharides |
The IC50 of paecilomycescicadae polysaccharides for PAA cells were 10.86 mg/ml. Adenosine in combination with ADM could boost its anti-tumor capacity and reduce the colonies formation of pulmonary adenoma in vitro [30]. |
| Liver Cancer Cell Line (MHCC97H) |
| 2014 Hualin Wang |
C. cicadae |
Water extract of C. cicadae inhibited liver cancer MHCC97H cells via interfering the cellular cycle [31]. |
| Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell (CHO) |
| 2014 An-Hui Chen |
Solid-state fermentation of C. cicadae and wild C. cicadae |
Both of them demonstrated inhibitory effect on CHO cells proliferation. The active component was moderately polar compounds including cordycepin [32]. |
| Lower Blood Lipids |
| 2001 Li-Qin Jin |
Paecilomyces cicadae mycelium |
It decrease blood cholesterol and triglyceride in rats, suggesting it can be used as an ideal healthcare product for treating cardiovascular disease [10]. |
| Analgesic, Sedation and Antipyretic Effect |
| 1991 Guang-Yu Liu |
Wild or rtificially cultivated C. cicadae |
Both of them significantly prolonged sleep time, shortened loss of righting reflex induced by pentobarbital, and enhanced the rate of re-onset sleep in mice. Inhibitory effect on chemical and thermal stimulation was confirmed by body writhing test and hot plate test. The inhibitory rate of 1.5 g/kg C. cicadae on chemical stimulation of acetic acid was 97.3%, similar to that of morphine [33]. |
| Anti-fatigue Effect |
| 2001 Yan Wang |
Fruiting body of C. cicadae |
Fruiting body of C. cicadae could significantly prolong mice's swimming time, increase survival period of mice under the conditions of high pressure, anoxia or high temperature [34]. |
| Anti-oxidant and Antibacterial Effect |
| 2008 An-Hui Chen |
Fermentation broth and mycelia of liquid fermentation of Paecilomyces cicadae |
The clearance rate of DPPH free radicals was 55.52% and 74.86% in concentrations of 5.0 mg/ml and 0.4mg/ml, respectively. The diameter of inhibition zone was 11.23 and 21.42 mm [35]. |
| 2013 Yen-Po Chen |
Liquid fermentation of C. cicadae mycelium |
C. cicadae protected Neuro2a cell line from Tunicamycin-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis, and against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity in the NG108-15 cell line. Furthermore, C. cicadae slightly increased neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, and neurite branch number. C. cicadae reduce oxidative stress and MPP+ neurotoxicity, implying the protective potential in neurodegenerative diseases [36]. |
| Improving Vision |
| 2009Dong-Qing Cheng |
Liquid fermentation of Paecilomyces cicadae mycelia |
Paecilomyces cicadae inhibited the cytopathogenic effect in Vero cells by HSV-1 at concentrations ranging from 1.6-6.2 μg/ml, and the highest inhibition (152.2 %) was obtained at a concentration of 6.2 μg/ml, and was still 78.7 % at 0.8 μg/ml [37]. The efficacy in improving vision and nebula removal of cicadae flower is very likely related to the antiviral effect of its parasitic fungus Paecilomyces cicadae. |
| Anti-radiation Effect |
| 1991Zhu-An Chen |
Paecilomyces cicadae |
It could protect against ultraviolet (UV) radiation [38]. |
| Promote Bone Health |
| 2014Yu-Qin Wang |
Wild and artificially cultivated C. cicadae mycelia |
It promoted proliferation of human osteoblast, which can be used in treatment of osteoporosis [39]. |
| Anti-inflammation |
| 2015Meng-Ying Lu |
Solid-state fermentation of C. cicadae fruiting body |
HEA suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing the toll-like receptor (TLR)4-mediated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway [40]. |
