| Causes of nutritional disorders in IBD patients |
| Limited oral intake |
Dietary restriction
Lack of nutrition due to therapeutic reasons
Related to diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain [45]
Changes in taste caused by drugs and vitamins taken and mineral deficiencies [43]
Anorexia-like effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines [43] |
| Loss via the stomach or intestine |
Diarrhoea
Bloody stools
Loss of mucus and microelements
Enteropathy with loss of proteins |
| Increased energy demands |
Inflammation
Increased basal metabolism
Infection complications
Conditions after surgery |
| Metabolic disorders |
Increased energy expenditure due to inflammation, fever, sepsis
Increased oxidation of fatty acids |
| Drug interactions |
Steroids and calcium re-absorption
Steroids and protein catabolism
Sulfasalazine and folic acid
Methotrexate and folic acid
Cholestyramine and fat-soluble vitamins
Micro-organisms and vitamin K [46,47]
IPPand iron [48] |
| Low absorption of food |
Reduced absorption area due to ileal resection
Blind loop syndrome and bacterial overgrowth
Poor absorption of bile acids in ileitis or following resection
Inflammation of the mucous membrane |
