| Maternal Characteristics |
Preeclampsia cases (N=57) |
Controls (N=178) |
χ2 |
P value |
| Age(years) |
<25 |
17(29.8%) |
86(48.3%) |
|
|
| 26-29 |
21(36.8%) |
48(27%) |
|
|
| ≥30 |
19(33.4%) |
44(24.7%) |
6 |
0.05 |
| Pre pregnancy BMI(kg/m²) |
<18.5 |
1(1.8%) |
4(2.2%)s |
|
|
| 18.5-24.9 |
22(38.6%) |
116(65.2%) |
|
|
| 25-29.9 |
32(56.1%) |
58(32.6%) |
17.7 |
<0.001 |
| ≥30 |
2(3.5%) |
0 |
|
|
| Gravida |
primi |
42(73.7%) |
68(38.2%) |
20.4 |
<0.001 |
| multi |
15(26.3%) |
110(61.8%) |
|
|
| Education standard |
<12 |
15(26.3%) |
52(29.2%) |
0 |
0.98 |
| ≥ 12 |
42(73.7%) |
136(70.8%) |
|
|
| Periconceptional Multivitamin use |
No |
8(14%) |
49(27.5%) |
|
|
| yes |
49(86%) |
129(72.5%) |
4.27 |
0.039 |
| Calcium intake |
No |
8(14%) |
16(9%) |
|
|
| yes |
49(86%) |
162(91%) |
1.2 |
0.27 |
| Physical activity in sun |
High (≥3hrs) |
0 |
52(29.2%) |
|
|
| Low (< 3hrs) |
57(100%) |
126(70.8%) |
21.4 |
<0.001 |
| Diet |
Non veg |
4(7%) |
56(31.5%) |
|
|
| Veg |
53(93%) |
122(68.5%) |
13.6 |
<0.001 |
| Smoking |
No |
56(98.2%) |
167(93.8%) |
|
|
| Yes |
1(1.8%) |
11(6.2%) |
1.74 |
0.187 |
| Residence |
Urban |
40(70.2%) |
107(60.1%) |
1.86 |
0.172 |
| Rural |
17(29.8%) |
71(39.9%) |
|
|
| Socioeconomic status |
High |
39(68.4%) |
107(60.1%) |
1.27 |
0.5 |
| Low |
18(31.6%) |
71(39.9%) |
|
|
| Season |
Summer |
8(14.0%) |
25(14%) |
|
|
| Autumn |
0 |
22(12.4%) |
|
|
| Spring |
13(22.8%) |
71(39.9%) |
|
|
| Winter |
36(63.2%) |
60(33.7%) |
19.7 |
<0.001 |
|
