Emulsifier

Concentration (%)

Proofing time (min)

L*

a^*NS

b^*NS

Porosity (%)

Blank

0

25

54.45^d

11.98

39.2

20.7^h

0

35

56.82^dc

15.28

46.26

23.5^gh

0

45

59.64^bc

12.45

40.75

25.1^g

E471

0.2

25

69.76^a

6.94

41.49

31.0^f

0.2

35

65.23^ab

9.86

44.56

31.3^f

0.2

45

67.35^a

9.85

46.23

32.2^f

0.4

25

62.65^b

10.46

41.7

32.5^f

0.4

35

61.86^b

10.92

41.1

33.5^ef

0.4

45

60.54^b

12.47

40.73

33.8^ef

0.6

25

55.19^dc

14.4

39.78

33.5^ef

0.6

35

62.19^b

13.13

62.19

33.7^ef

0.6

45

56.21^dc

14.42

14.3

35.4^de

DATEM

0.2

25

53.68^d

10.45

45.82

31.3^f

0.2

35

62.15^b

14.46

44.76

35.9^e

0.2

45

61.12^b

13.83

42.65

37.4^d

0.4

25

65.72^ab

13.59

48.9

34.4^e

0.4

35

65.95^ab

12.05

65.95

36.8d^e

0.4

45

62.19^b

13.13

62.19

37.1^d

0.6

25

65.4^ab

11.1

43.86

38.3^d

0.6

35

64.55^ab

14.4

47.76

38.8^d

0.6

45

62.41^b

14.65

46.94

38.3^d

SSL

0.2

25

67.35^a

9.85

46.23

40.0^c

0.2

35

56.21^c

14.42

44.3

40.3^c

0.2

45

63.01^b

13.53

45.95

42.2^b

0.4

25

59.5^bc

15.7

51.04

40.5^c

0.4

35

62.73^b

9.72

44.35

41.5^b

0.4

45

61.27^b

10.75

43.95

42.1^b

0.6

25

60.73^b

13.74

43.33

41.5^b

0.6

35

69.9^a

9.99

42.79

42.7^b

0.6

45

63.21^b

9.12

42.92

43.4^a