| Matrix system |
Reinforcement |
Processing |
Characteristics |
Ref |
| Starch + glycerol |
Bamboo cellulosic crystals(BCC) |
Film Casting |
Increase in elongation at break with decreasing BCC content; High relaxation peak with significant quantity of BCC incorporation; Higher reinforcing efficiency for plasticized starch at the optimal 8% loading level plastic than at any other loading level; TS: 12.8 MPa& YM: 210.3 MPa; Increase in storage modulus with increasing BCC content; increase in tan δ with temperature suggesting composites becoming more viscous with the increase in temperature; Reduction in water absorption. |
[31] |
| Starch acetates |
Cellulose fibers (10-30%) |
Twin screw extruder/150-170°C/170-230 rpm |
Loss of crystallinity of the matrix; Functional groups and chemical bonds retained; Significant changes in M.P. |
[7] |
| Cassava starch+ glycerol |
Oat or sugar cane
fibers (5 and 10 g /100 g starch) |
Single screw extruder |
No significant effect of the expansion index, density and Water Absorption Index (WAI), Water Solubility Index (WSI) and color (to dark) changed. |
[28] |
| Cassava starch + glycerol+ Potassium Sorbate |
Wheat bran (1.5 mg, 13.5 mg and 27.1 mg/g of matrix) |
Casting |
No change in density of the materials, Increased storage modulus and hardening with constant, but high deformation to rupture (beyond 70%). Decrease in loss tangent, moisture content with increase in bran contentà improvement in water vapor barrier properties. (Decrease water vapor permeability). |
[22] |
| Cassava Starch+ glycerol (Commercial & Recovered) |
Banana/Sugar cane bagasse |
Thermo-molding |
Not much variation in crystallinity index, but good thermal stability in composites with both types of glycerol; dependence of tensile properties on the processing methods; Increase in YM (by 186%, 294% and 201%), YS (129%, 141% and 133%) and decrease in % elongation (about 5-7 fold) and almost constant UTS over the matrix with increasing banana fiber content (20%, 25% and 35%, respectively); higher tensile properties in starch–25 wt.% bagasse composite than those of starch–30 wt.% banana composites. Improvements of YM, UTS, YS and % elongation values in starch–crude glycerine–25% bagasse fiber composites were about 59%, 41% 67% and 11%, respectively. |
[32] |
| Cassava Starch+ glycerol |
Coir fibers (5-30 wt. %) |
Thermo-molding |
Increase in strength properties with a higher amount of coir fiber incorporation as well as with the thermal treatment; TS: 3.24 MPa, YM: 59.81 MPa and maximum load: 112.68 N for Treated matrix; TS: 1.56 MPa, YM: 14.56 MPa and maximum load: 50.7768 N for the untreated matrix; TS:~373.5 MPa and YM:~176MPa for treated matrix composites; Decrease in water uptake, moisture absorption and linear swelling of TPS matrix with increasing coir fiber content; increased relative crystallinity from 39% to 62%; enhanced thermal stability; increasing storage modulus (from 2027MPa to 3215 MPa, higher glass transition temperature and lower damping. |
[35,54] |
| Plasticized Maize starch |
Nanofibers from wheat straw |
High shear mixer |
Linear increase in both dynamic (YM, YS and TS) and static (storage modulus) with increasing nano fiber content in the composite with an overall improvement of ~ 195% over the TPS matrix; Highest YM of ~ 220 MPa and highest, YS (6.5MPa) at 15% fiber content, significant decrease in storage modulus with temperature for both TPS & its nanocomposites; Decreased sensitivity to moisture. |
[29] |
| Castor bean oil cake + crude glycerin |
Banana/Sugar cane bagasse fibers |
Thermo-molding |
TS of 25% banana and 20% bagasse fiber composites higher than those of corn starch composites |
[25] |
| Castor bean oil cake + glycerol (15-20%) |
Fibers in Castor bean oil cake |
Thermo-molding |
TS: 4.62-5.5 MPa; YM: 192.27-214.78MPa; Water Absorption: 16. -17.6%; Swelling thickness: ~14-15% |
[46] |
| Castor bean oil cake + glycerol |
Nano cellulose of raft wood |
Thermo-molding |
FS: 13.11MPa and FM: 1633MPa for 10 NC fiber composite compared to 12.27MPa and 1253.60 MPa for Matrix |
[46] |
| Castor bean oil cake + crude glycerin |
Sugarcane Bagasse (5-35%) |
Thermo-molding |
Highest YM: 64.26 MPa and highest TS: 0.80 MPa for 15 wt. % fiber containing composite, prepared with lowest load (4tons), and at highest temperature (130°C); Increasing temperature and/or pressureà reduction of water absorption; No significant effect of diameter (0.25- 0.85mm) or length (10-20mm) of sugarcane bagasse fibers; TS showed decreasing trend in both cases; increasing thermal stability compared to that of the plasticized polymer matrix with same applied load and processing temperature (4 ton/110°C) ability in both the 15% and 5% fiber content. |
[24] |
