| Matrix system |
Reinforcement |
Processing |
Characteristics |
Ref |
| Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) |
Recycled disposable chopsticks fibers |
Melt-mixing |
Increase in Tg of PLA; Early start of degradation process compared to that of PLA matrix; higher char yield; Markedly increased TS with the fiber content reaching the max. 115 MPa for 40% fiber content. |
[15] |
| Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) + Polyethylene glycol (PEG) |
Cellulose fibrils of Bleached wood pulp |
Solvent Casting |
TS of PLA + Nano fibrils 30 MPa with 2.5% elongation, lower than that of pure PLA; 28.2% increase in TS and 25% in Elongation for PLA + PEG + nano fibrils compared with pure PLA, by 56.7% and 60% compared with the PLA+ Nano fibrils of cellulose; Improved intermolecular interaction shown by FTIR study due to the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding among PLA, PEG, and cellulose nano fibrils. |
[30] |
| Polylactic acid (PLA), L-polylactide acid (PLLA), poly 3-hydroxylbutyrate (PHB), poly-caprolactone and starch thermoplastic, poly butylene succianate (PBS) and poly butylene adipate-co-terephtalate (PBAT) |
Flax fibers |
Film Stacking |
Higher TS and YM of PLLA and PLA flax composites than those of similar PP/flax fiber composites. Comparable specific TS and YM of flax fiber/PLLA composite with those of glass fiber- polyester composites. YM of PLLA-30% Flax: 9519 MPa compared to 3321 MPa for the matrix; Strain to failure: 1.5% from 2.4%; Critical strain energy: 705-1336 Gc Jm-2[Initiation & Propagation] compared to 298-282 Gc Jm-2 of glass-polyester-Balsa sandwich composite. |
[12] |
| L-polylactide acid (PLLA) |
Flax fiber mats (28.5%)
Sand witch of Flax mat and Balsa mat |
Vacuum Bag Moulding |
Increase in FS and SS with increasing temp. (180-200oC) and increase with time (45-60 min) of manufacture; YM: 8882 MPa, TS: 65.2MPa and % Elong¨1.3, Stiffness: 23.9×10−6 Nm-2; TS: 70.5±7.2MPa. |
[41,42] |
| PLA |
Kenaf fibers |
|
Unidirectional composites materials; TS, FS and YM of the composites increased linearly up to 50% with the highest TS of 223 MPa, FS: 254 MPa for 70% fiber content. |
[17] |
| Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA), Poly (Butylene Succinate) (PBS) |
Bamboo fiber (BF) |
Compression Moulding |
Improved Tensile properties, water resistance, and interfacial adhesion of both PLA/BF and PBS/BF composites with the addition of lysine-based diisocyanate (LDI); Increased crystallization temperature and decreased enthalpy, heat of fusion in both composites with increasing LDI content; No significant change in melting temperature; Lower thermal degradation temperature of both composites than those of pure polymer matrix with LDI containing composites showing higher degradation temperature than those without LDI; Faster decomposition by enzymes, but delayed biodegradation of both composites due to the addition of LDI. |
[8] |
| Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) |
Cotton, hemp, kenaf and man-made cellulose fibres (Lyocell) (40%) and mixtures of these |
Compression Moulding |
Very high TS and YM in kenaf and hemp/PLA composites; Good IS in cotton/PLA composites; high TS, YM and IS in Lyocell/PLA composites suggesting all these composites could be applied in various fields, each meeting different requirements. |
[23] |
| Mango puree-based edible films |
Cellulose nano fibers (CNF)
(0- 36 g/100 g) |
Homogenize the Mixture at 6500 rpm for 30minà
Film Castingà Dry for 16 h at 22°C and 42% RH |
TS: from 4.06- 8.09 MPa; YM: 19.85- 322.05 MPa;
% Elong: 44.07-31.54, although without much change in it up to CNF concentrations up to 10 g/100 g. Water vapor permeability: 2.66-1.67 g. mm/kPa.h.m2àimproved water vapor barrier; low, but significant effect on Tg [-10.63 to -6.04oC]. |
[21] |
