|
Vacuum tube holder |
Syringe and injection needle |
Syringe(20ml) |
| Vs. |
| n=171 |
Syringe(20ml) |
Syringe(20ml) |
Syringe(20ml) |
Vacuum Tube holder |
Syringe (10ml) |
Syringe (2.5ml) |
| n=191 |
n=39 |
n=39 |
| Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
P-value |
| Time from puncture to when movement stopped |
| Mean (seconds) |
2.8 |
1.3 |
2.5 |
1.0 |
2.9 |
1.3 |
2.8 |
1.0 |
0.051† |
0.038 |
0.091 |
| Maximum (seconds) |
8.8 |
7.3 |
8.0 |
5.5 |
| Minimum (seconds) |
0.0 |
|
0.7 |
|
0.0 |
|
1.3 |
|
| Distance travelled by needle |
| Mean (mm) |
12.4 |
4.0 |
12.1 |
4.5 |
14.9 |
4.7 |
15.4 |
3.8 |
0.586 |
0.001 |
P<0.001 |
| Maximum (mm) |
21.8 |
24.6 |
24.7 |
24.5 |
| Minimum (mm) |
0.2 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
9.3 |
| Skin puncture Puncture angle |
a)‡ |
Mean (°) |
17.4 |
5.1 |
14.2 |
6.3 |
13.9 |
6.1 |
15.9 |
5.6 |
P<0.001 |
0.782 |
0.137 |
| Maximum (°) |
44.7 |
55.6 |
36.1 |
30.3 |
| Minimum (°) |
9.7 |
2.8 |
5.3 |
6.4 |
b)§ |
Mean (°) |
14.4 |
4.9 |
8.6 |
6.8 |
7.7 |
3.5 |
10.3 |
7.2 |
P<0.001 |
0.376 |
0.156 |
| Maximum (°) |
30.8 |
55.3 |
14.4 |
44.9 |
| Minimum (°) |
0.2 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
1.0 |
| Angle changes (b-a) |
-3.0 |
-5.6 |
-6.3 |
-5.5 |
|
| MP joint and puncture point |
| a)‡ |
Mean (°) |
36.1 |
8.6 |
28.9 |
10.4 |
30.7 |
9.4 |
32.8 |
10.2 |
P<0.001 |
0.311 |
0.033 |
| Maximum (°) |
65.9 |
77.1 |
57.2 |
65.2 |
| Minimum (°) |
17.4 |
5.4 |
11.7 |
18.2 |
b)§ |
Mean (°) |
39.5 |
9.1 |
30.0 |
9.6 |
31.5 |
8.4 |
35.4 |
9.9 |
P<0.001 |
0.367 |
0.002 |
| Maximum (°) |
63.0 |
76.0 |
48.6 |
69.3 |
| Minimum (°) |
18.0 |
6.6 |
3.8 |
18.4 |
| Angle changes (b-a) |
3.4 |
1.1 |
0.8 |
2.7 |
0.006† |
| Differences in puncture points n=166 n=186 |
Mean (°)
Maximum (°)
Minimum (°) |
3.9 3.1 5.0 4.4
8.8 7.9 21.4 6.2
0.4 0.4 1.1 0.4 |
