Liquid-liquid extractiona Protein precipitation
Extraction condition PE(%) % Ion Suppression Precipitating agent % Ion Suppression
500 μL of water 48.9 32.2 Acetonitrile 62.6
500 μL of 1% formic acid in water (v/v) 67.2 18.6 1% formic acid in acetonitrile (v/v) 56.4
500 μL of 1% Liq. Ammonia in water (v/v) 57.6 24.1 1% Liq. Ammonia in acetonitrile (v/v) 71.3
750 μL of 1% formic acid in water (v/v) 74.7 12.1 Methanol 52.7
  1% formic acid in methanol (v/v) 76.1
1% Liq. Ammonia in methanol (v/v) 76.1
aBy using ethyl acetate based on results from Table 1.
Table 1: Process efficiency and matrix effect of niacin using LLE and PPT under different extraction conditions at LQC level analyzed on model API-3000.