Target Associated disease or state Impedance approach Linear range Limit of Detection Ref. Alpha-synuclein autoantibody Parkinson’s disease Faradaic 75 - 1500 ng/mL 8.2 ng/mL [105] Antibodies against hemmaglutinin (HA) Influenza A (virus H5N1) Faradaic 0.004 - 0.020 ng/mL 0.002 ng/mL [106] C-reactive Protein (CRP) Cardiac events and inflammation Non-faradaic 0.025 - 25 ng/ml 0.032 ng/mL [107] Faradaic 12-230 ng/mL 31 ng/mL [74] Redox-capacitive 1.2-2300 ng/mL 3.3 ng/mL [108] D-dimer Thrombosis Faradaic 0.0001 - 2000 ng/mL 0.0001 ng/mL [109] Human epidermal growth factor receptor-3 (HER-3) Tumor breast and non-small-cell lung carcinoma Faradaic 0.0002 - 0.0014 ng/mL N/A [110] Human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (Bel-7404) Liver cancer cell Faradaic 1000-1000000 cells/mL 234 cells/mL [111] Immunoglobulin A Immune system disorders Faradaic 0.01 - 100 ng/mL 0.01 ng/mL [112] Insulin Diabetes Non-faradaic 0.0006 - 1.20 ng/mL 0.0003 ng/mL [100] Faradaic 0.029-290 ng/mL 0.007 ng/mL [72] Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Cancer and inflammation Faradaic 0.00000001 - 0.0001 ng/mL 0.00000001 ng/mL [113] Non-faradaic 0.025 - 25 ng/ml 0.32 ng/mL [107] Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) Breast cancer Faradaic 100 – 10000 cells/mL N/A [114] Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) Brain tumor Faradaic 0.001 – 1000 ng/mL 0.00029 ng/mL [115] Myoglobin Acute myocardial infarction Faradaic 10 - 650 ng/mL 5.2 ng/mL [116] Prostate specific antigen (PSA) Prostate cancer Faradaic 0.001 - 0.1 ng/mL 0.001 ng/mL [117] Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) Prostate cancer Redox-capacitive 5-1000 ng/mL 1 ng/mL [108] Streptococcus piogenes cells Bacterial infection Faradaic 10 – 10000 cells/µL N/A [118] Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) Cardiac events and inflammation Non-faradaic 0.025- 25 ng/ml 0.32 ng/mL [107]

Table 1: Examples of impedance and redox capacitive biosensors.