Paroxysmall (n = 12) Persistent(n = 36) Permanent(n = 52) P value
Age (n ± SD) 74.9 ± 6.2 72.1 ± 8.9 75.7 ± 9.3 0.19
Sex M 6 (50%)
F 6 (50%)
M 19 (52.8%)
F 17 (47.2%)
M 28 (54.9%)
F 24 (45.1%)

0.97
Hypertension 12 (100%) 33 (91.7%) 46 (88.46%) 0.44
Diabetes mellitus 7 (58.3%) 16 (44.44%) 25 (48.08%) 0.70
Hypercholesterolemia 5 (41.7%) 13 (36.11%) 19 (36.54%) 0.93
Smoking 3 (25%) 14 (38.9%) 17 (32.69%) 0.65
Obesity 1 (8.3%) 5 (13.9%) 10 (19.23%) 0.59
Familiarity for CVD 0 7 (19.44%) 12 (23.08%) 0.18
 PAD 4 (33.33%) 17 (47.22%) 21 (40.38%) 0.66
ABI 0.89 ± 0.16 0.94 ± 0.18 0.95 ± 0.17 0.64
Coronary artery disease 3 (25%) 14 (38.88%) 32 (61.53%) 0.023
Cerebrovascular disease 4 (33.3%) 12 (32.4%) 18 (35.3%) 0.01
PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease; ABI: Ankle-Brachial-Index
Table 7: Clinical characteristics of Cases group stratified by AF grade.