Parameter Mild Moderate Severe VARC-2       Semi-quantitative parameters*       Diastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta by pulsed wave Absent or brief early diastolic Intermediate Prominent, holodiastolic Circumferential extent of PVR (%) <10% 10-29% ≥30% Quantitative parameters*       Regurgitant volume (ml/beat) <30 ml 30–59 ml ≥60 ml Regurgitant fraction (%) <30% 30–50% ≥50% EROA (cm2) <0.10 cm2 0.1-0.29 cm2 ≥0.30 cm2 *Adapted from the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 [16]. EROA: Effective regurgitant orifice area; CW: Continuous wave Doppler; PW: Pulse wave Doppler.

Table 1: Echocardiographic Criteria for Grading PVL per VARC-2.