|
|
|
NS-5 |
Resveratrol |
Quercetin |
d-Tocotrienol |
|
# |
Cytokines‡ |
Pre-dose |
Post-dose |
Post-dose |
Post-dose |
Post-dose¶ |
Functions |
|
|
|
% |
% |
% |
% |
|
I |
Cardiovascular disease: |
1 |
Resistin§ |
100 |
71 ± 1.4** |
84 ± 1.5** |
88 ± 1.8** |
81 ± 1.6** |
Regulatory role in insulin resistance, diabetes, atherosclerosis. |
2 |
IL-2 |
100 |
67 ± 2.7** |
51 ± 1.9** |
65 ± 1.6** |
75 ± 0.7** |
For growth, proliferation, & differentiation of T cells to (Effector T) cells. |
3 |
IL-6 |
100 |
75 ± 1.2** |
77 ± 1.4** |
83 ± 2.4** |
83 ± 1.2** |
Regulates the immune response, hematopoiesis and inflammation. |
4 |
IL-8 |
100 |
68 ± 2.9** |
69 ± 3.3** |
77 ± 2.2* |
75 ± 0.3** |
Produced by macrophages & epithelial cells, potent angiogenic factor. |
5 |
IL-12 |
100 |
74 ± 2.9** |
82 ± 2.8* |
84 ± 2.7* |
75 ± 2.9** |
It plays a key role in the activities of natural killer cells and T lymphocytes. |
6 |
1L-17a |
100 |
44 ± 3.3** |
60 ± 2.4** |
74 ± 3.1** |
49 ± 3.4** |
This gene is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells. |
7 |
IL-18 |
100 |
72 ± 1.4** |
85 ± 1.7** |
50 ± 3.9** |
85 ± 1.8* |
It acts as an angiogenic factor in many diseases. |
8 |
COX-2 |
100 |
68 ± 3.2** |
76 ± 1.5** |
75 ± 3.6** |
74 ± 2.9** |
It is an enzyme, which is responsible for the production of prostanoids. |
9 |
GAPDH |
100 |
70 ± 1.1** |
73 ± 2.3** |
77 ± 2.8** |
80 ± 2.5** |
Key role in glycolysis & new host defense mechanism against HIV. |
10 |
IP-10 |
100 |
58 ± 1.7** |
83 ± 2.9* |
82 ± 2.6* |
57 ± 2.1** |
It acts as potent inhibitor of angiogenesis in vivo. |
II |
Inflammation: |
11 |
TNF-a |
100 |
63 ± 1.2** |
71 ± 1.3* |
68 ± 2.1* |
42 ± 2.7* |
Cytokines produced by macrophages/monocytes during inflammation. |
12 |
INF-g |
100 |
67 ± 2.4** |
75 ± 3.3** |
73 ± 2.1** |
67 ± 2.9** |
Potent mediators of host defense and homoeostasis. |
13 |
MIP-1a |
100 |
62 ± 1.8** |
70 ± 2.3** |
73 ± 3.5** |
68 ± 1.9** |
A subfamily of chemokines that exhibit pro-inflammatory activities. |
14 |
NOS-2 |
100 |
65 ± 1.8** |
75 ± 1.5** |
63 ± 3.9** |
65 ± 2.4** |
It is involved significantly in many vascular functions. |
15 |
VCAM-1 |
100 |
61 ± 1.7** |
68 ± 2.7** |
63 ± 4.1** |
50 ± 3.8** |
It is involved in inflammatory-linkage. |
16 |
MCP-1 |
100 |
78 ± 1.5** |
87 ± 1.7** |
80 ± 2.9* |
75 ± 1.4** |
It is a chemokine. |
III |
Cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
IGF-1 |
100 |
78 ± 1.1** |
84 ± 2.2** |
86 ± 2.7* |
75 ± 3.1* |
It is a potent mitogen. |
18 |
P-53 |
100 |
197 ± 4.2** |
135 ± 3.2** |
156 ± 3.9* |
141 ± 4.1* |
It regulates the cell-cycle and acts as a tumor suppressor. |
19 |
FAS-1 |
100 |
231 ± 6.7* |
123 ± 3.4* |
127 ± 2.1* |
135 ± 3.2* |
It forms death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) upon ligand binding |
20 |
VEGF |
100 |
66 ± 2.3* |
71 ± 2.4* |
79 ± 3.1* |
73 ± 3.6* |
Role in stabilizing the endothelial cell adhesion & signal transduction. |
21 |
CCND-1 |
100 |
62 ± 1.8** |
76 ± 2.3* |
68 ± 3.5* |
65 ± 1.5** |
Controls progression of cells by activating cyclin-dependent kinase. |
IV |
Diabetes |
22 |
PAI-1 |
100 |
22 ± 2.2** |
46 ± 2.3** |
70 ± 1.6** |
63 ± 2.8** |
Associated with atherosclerosis and have increased levels in diabetics. |
V |
Aging |
|
|
|
|
|
|
23 |
IL-1a |
100 |
57 ± 2.1** |
75 ± 2.6** |
76 ± 2.9** |
77 ± 1.7** |
Agonist mediating inflammatory and immuno-modulatory effects. |
24 |
IL-10 |
100 |
72 ± 2.6** |
73 ± 4.1** |
66 ± 1.5** |
62 ± 1.6** |
Cytokine with pleiotropic effects in immuno-regulation & inflammation. |
* - **Values in a row sharing a common asterisk are significantly different at *P<0.01; **P<0.001.