| |
Chlorpromazine |
Haloperidol |
Quetiapine |
Risperidone |
Perphenazine |
Olanzapine |
| Incident users |
9,740 |
24,900 |
83,402 |
129,046 |
14,427 |
151,646 |
| Prescriptions |
36,283 |
123,494 |
591,804 |
1,051,896 |
68,436 |
1,196,400 |
| Person-years (p-y) |
2,079 |
7,908 |
37,759 |
70,934 |
5,064 |
81,484 |
| Principal inpatient or first-listed emergency department SD/VAs |
14 |
53 |
86 |
271 |
11 |
276 |
Incidence rate per 1,000 p-y
(95 % confidence interval) |
6.7
(3.7-11.3) |
6.7
(5.0-8.8) |
2.3
(1.8-2.8) |
3.8
(3.4-4.3) |
2.2
(1.1-3.9) |
3.4
(3.0-3.8) |
Unadjusted incidence rate ratio
(95% confidence interval) |
2.0
(1.1-3.4) |
2.0
(1.5-2.7) |
0.7
(0.5-0.9) |
1.1
(1.0-1.3) |
0.6
(0.3-1.2) |
reference |
| USER-LEVEL VARIABLES |
| Female sex |
36.3% |
51.7% |
64.8% |
60.1% |
72.3% |
57.7% |
| Age, in years |
| < 35 |
11.0% |
11.1% |
14.0% |
12.7% |
10.4% |
12.8% |
| 35-44 |
29.6% |
28.2% |
35.1% |
30.0% |
28.6% |
32.1% |
| 45-54 |
24.7% |
24.0% |
27.7% |
25.4% |
26.0% |
26.3% |
| 55-64 |
16.9% |
16.6% |
13.3% |
15.7% |
18.2% |
14.9% |
| 65-74 |
17.8% |
20.0% |
9.9% |
16.2% |
16.8% |
13.9% |
| Race |
| White |
45.8% |
44.8% |
54.3% |
47.0% |
35.6% |
48.2% |
| Non-White |
54.2% |
55.2% |
45.7% |
53.0% |
64.4% |
51.8% |
| PRESCRIPTION-LEVEL VARIABLES |
| Nursing home residence |
10.6% |
16.9% |
11.5% |
21.0% |
3.2% |
15.3% |
| Diagnoses ever in past |
| Agranulocytosis (Neutropenia) |
3.8% |
2.2% |
1.9% |
1.8% |
1.1% |
2.1% |
| Alcohol abuse |
19.5% |
16.5% |
21.1% |
16.3% |
9.1% |
19.1% |
| Anemia |
35.2% |
31.8% |
30.8% |
33.3% |
29.9% |
32.7% |
| Arrhythmia / Conduction Disorders |
19.7% |
17.4% |
18.2% |
19.4% |
15.7% |
18.7% |
| Asthma / COPD |
35.4% |
32.0% |
37.8% |
32.8% |
37.9% |
36.1% |
| Bulimia |
0.4% |
0.2% |
0.7% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.4% |
| Cancer |
21.9% |
16.4% |
20.2% |
18.6% |
16.7% |
19.2% |
| Cerebral Palsy |
2.6% |
1.8% |
1.8% |
2.9% |
0.9% |
2.0% |
| Cerebrovascular Disease |
15.4% |
18.8% |
16.7% |
20.4% |
14.3% |
18.5% |
| Coronary Artery Disease |
22.6% |
20.7% |
22.7% |
24.2% |
23.1% |
23.4% |
| Diabetes |
27.2% |
28.2% |
27.7% |
30.0% |
31.0% |
25.6% |
| Emesis / Nausea |
22.8% |
15.3% |
21.5% |
15.9% |
14.9% |
16.8% |
| Enuresis |
9.9% |
11.0% |
11.9% |
12.3% |
9.6% |
11.2% |
| Epilepsy / Convulsions |
22.8% |
20.6% |
19.4% |
21.4% |
9.9% |
18.6% |
| HIV / AIDS |
9.1% |
5.0% |
7.5% |
6.9% |
3.1% |
10.3% |
| Headache |
27.4% |
22.9% |
35.8% |
26.8% |
32.8% |
30.1% |
| Heart Failure / Cardiomyopathy |
16.4% |
15.6% |
13.7% |
16.2% |
13.4% |
14.6% |
| Hereditary and Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System |
11.1% |
17.2% |
14.8% |
15.0% |
6.1% |
13.7% |
| Hiccough (Non-psychogenic) |
7.9% |
0.2% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.2% |
| Hypercholesterolemia |
33.6% |
30.0% |
37.1% |
34.4% |
38.2% |
34.8% |
| Hypertension |
47.9% |
48.0% |
48.3% |
49.9% |
52.4% |
48.2% |
| Hyperthyroidism / Thyrotoxicosis |
4.5% |
3.6% |
4.9% |
4.2% |
4.2% |
4.5% |
| Hypothyroidism |
16.4% |
16.5% |
20.2% |
18.6% |
17.7% |
17.7% |
| Kidney Disease |
20.8% |
16.3% |
17.1% |
16.8% |
14.5% |
16.8% |
| Liver Disease |
25.2% |
19.4% |
24.0% |
20.4% |
17.7% |
23.7% |
| Neuropathic Pain |
22.8% |
17.0% |
27.8% |
20.9% |
25.8% |
23.2% |
| Obesity |
11.4% |
10.8% |
16.8% |
13.5% |
12.1% |
10.2% |
| Organic Psychotic Conditions |
19.8% |
27.3% |
24.9% |
28.2% |
8.7% |
25.4% |
| Dementias |
4.0% |
10.4% |
8.0% |
13.2% |
2.8% |
9.7% |
| Alcohol-induced mental disorders |
4.1% |
4.6% |
5.0% |
4.5% |
1.9% |
5.4% |
| Drug-induced mental disorders |
6.2% |
4.3% |
7.2% |
4.5% |
2.7% |
6.5% |
| Transient mental disorders |
6.4% |
10.8% |
9.0% |
10.3% |
3.9% |
9.6% |
| Persistent mental disorders |
5.7% |
12.8% |
9.2% |
14.3% |
3.3% |
11.1% |
| Other Non-psychotic Mental Disorders, Mental Retardation |
14.4% |
11.1% |
8.9% |
13.9% |
3.4% |
9.4% |
| Other Non-psychotic Mental Disorders, Non-Mental Retardation |
61.6% |
58.2% |
75.9% |
67.7% |
49.1% |
69.3% |
| Anxiety, dissociative, and somatoform disorders |
38.4% |
32.2% |
53.6% |
43.3% |
41.6% |
45.7% |
| Personality disorders |
10.6% |
9.8% |
15.1% |
10.1% |
5.7% |
10.4% |
| Adjustment reaction |
14.0% |
10.5% |
22.1% |
17.3% |
10.7% |
18.0% |
| Depressive disorder |
32.7% |
29.0% |
52.2% |
43.0% |
31.8% |
45.8% |
| Other |
48.8% |
44.5% |
53.8% |
47.7% |
34.5% |
51.3% |
| Other Psychoses |
62.2% |
76.1% |
81.1% |
77.9% |
48.0% |
78.0% |
| Schizophrenic disorders |
32.2% |
51.9% |
30.7% |
36.3% |
21.2% |
38.0% |
| Episodic mood disorders |
42.2% |
37.8% |
66.8% |
55.6% |
38.0% |
59.1% |
| Delusional disorders |
2.7% |
5.1% |
3.7% |
4.8% |
1.8% |
4.3% |
| Other nonorganic psychoses |
22.1% |
36.3% |
25.1% |
30.8% |
13.2% |
28.9% |
| Pervasive developmental disorders |
1.7% |
1.2% |
0.9% |
1.4% |
0.5% |
0.9% |
| Porphyrin Metabolic Disorders |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
| Premenstrual Tension Syndrome |
0.3% |
0.2% |
0.7% |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.4% |
| Pulmonary Circulation Disorders |
3.7% |
3.0% |
3.3% |
3.2% |
2.7% |
3.1% |
| Restless Legs Syndrome |
0.3% |
0.4% |
0.7% |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.4% |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Inflammatory Polyarthropathies |
15.5% |
13.6% |
20.0% |
17.3% |
25.9% |
18.9% |
| Smoking |
16.3% |
13.6% |
17.6% |
11.7% |
10.9% |
14.1% |
| Substance Abuse |
31.7% |
26.5% |
35.3% |
25.0% |
19.3% |
31.1% |
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone |
0.4% |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.2% |
0.3% |
| Tardive Dyskinesia |
0.6% |
1.1% |
0.9% |
0.6% |
0.2% |
0.8% |
| Valvular Heart Disease |
12.9% |
10.2% |
12.0% |
11.5% |
11.3% |
11.8% |
| Drugs used ever in past |
| ACEI / ATIIRB |
25.0% |
23.8% |
24.0% |
24.6% |
28.1% |
23.1% |
| Anorexiants / Antiobesity |
0.7% |
0.3% |
1.0% |
0.6% |
0.6% |
0.6% |
| Antiadrenergic |
8.3% |
6.1% |
6.9% |
5.5% |
5.2% |
6.0% |
| Antiarrhythmic, Class I, Oral (excluding phenytoin) |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
| Antiarrhythmic, Class III, Oral |
0.5% |
0.5% |
0.3% |
0.5% |
0.3% |
0.5% |
| Antidiabetic |
17.4% |
17.7% |
16.6% |
18.0% |
19.8% |
13.8% |
| Beta Blocker, Systemic |
21.2% |
17.9% |
21.4% |
18.7% |
19.6% |
19.0% |
| Bronchodilator, Adrenergic |
29.0% |
22.4% |
35.0% |
26.9% |
33.2% |
29.9% |
| CCB, Non-verapamil |
17.7% |
17.8% |
16.1% |
17.2% |
21.1% |
17.3% |
| CCB, Verapamil |
3.2% |
2.8% |
3.5% |
2.9% |
3.9% |
3.0% |
| Corticosteroid, Inhaled |
12.2% |
8.7% |
16.8% |
12.0% |
15.1% |
13.6% |
| Corticosteroid, Oral |
19.2% |
12.7% |
22.1% |
15.3% |
19.1% |
17.0% |
| Digoxin |
4.0% |
3.5% |
2.3% |
3.2% |
2.2% |
2.7% |
| Diuretic, Loop |
14.2% |
13.3% |
14.9% |
14.1% |
14.5% |
12.7% |
| Diuretic, Thiazide |
15.1% |
13.8% |
18.2% |
16.1% |
20.7% |
15.8% |
| Immunosuppressant for Organ Transplantation |
0.7% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.4% |
| Lipid Lowering Agent |
21.0% |
18.0% |
23.7% |
21.6% |
26.9% |
22.4% |
| Nitrate |
10.5% |
9.1% |
10.2% |
10.1% |
12.1% |
9.8% |
| Thyroid Hormone |
8.4% |
9.1% |
11.4% |
9.5% |
8.8% |
8.7% |
| Vasodilator, Non-nitrate |
1.6% |
1.0% |
0.6% |
0.7% |
0.4% |
0.7% |
| Warfarin |
4.2% |
3.8% |
3.4% |
3.6% |
2.0% |
3.4% |
| Xanthine Derivative |
4.1% |
3.3% |
3.9% |
3.5% |
6.2% |
4.0% |
| Drugs used currently |
| Antiarrhythmic, Class Ia |
0.1% |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
| Antiarrhythmic, Classes Ib & Ic* |
** |
<0.1% |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
| Antiarrhythmic, Class III * |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.2% |
0.3% |
0.1% |
0.2% |
| Antidepressant, Cyclic and Related |
21.5% |
16.6% |
22.3% |
20.0% |
76.0% |
20.1% |
| Antiemetic 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 Receptor Antagonist |
1.0% |
0.2% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.2% |
0.1% |
| Anti-infective, Amantadine / Foscarnet |
0.5% |
1.0% |
0.6% |
0.5% |
0.5% |
0.6% |
| Anti-infective, Azole Antifungal |
3.0% |
1.5% |
1.7% |
1.3% |
1.6% |
1.8% |
| Anti-infective, Clindamycin |
0.6% |
0.4% |
0.5% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
| Anti-infective, Macrolide |
5.2% |
2.8% |
4.0% |
3.1% |
4.3% |
3.7% |
| Anti-infective, Pentamidine |
<0.1% |
** |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
- |
<0.1% |
| Anti-infective, Quinolone |
6.2% |
4.3% |
4.3% |
3.9% |
4.4% |
4.2% |
| Anti-infective, TMP-SMX |
4.0% |
2.7% |
2.1% |
2.1% |
2.6% |
2.7% |
| Aspirin |
3.8% |
4.4% |
4.1% |
4.6% |
5.3% |
4.1% |
| Beta-blocker, Systemic |
11.2% |
10.0% |
10.1% |
9.7% |
9.6% |
9.2% |
| Bronchodilator, Adrenergic* |
10.8% |
8.0% |
11.1% |
9.0% |
12.6% |
10.5% |
| CCB* |
** |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
| CCB, Non-verapamil |
9.1% |
10.1% |
7.9% |
8.9% |
10.7% |
8.8% |
| CCB, Verapamil |
1.1% |
1.2% |
1.3% |
1.1% |
1.9% |
1.1% |
| Chloral Hydrate |
0.5% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
| Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor |
7.5% |
6.2% |
10.9% |
9.3% |
12.6% |
10.8% |
| Diuretic, Loop |
6.8% |
6.5% |
6.4% |
6.9% |
6.4% |
5.9% |
| Diuretic, Potassium-sparing |
3.3% |
2.7% |
2.7% |
2.4% |
3.3% |
2.2% |
| Diuretic, Thiazide |
5.6% |
5.9% |
6.9% |
6.5% |
8.9% |
6.2% |
| Droperidol |
** |
** |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
- |
<0.1% |
| Ephedrine / PPA / Pseudoephedrine |
2.8% |
1.9% |
2.9% |
2.5% |
6.7% |
2.8% |
| Epinephrine |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
| Famotidine |
4.4% |
4.3% |
2.5% |
3.0% |
2.9% |
2.8% |
| Felbamate / Fosphenytoin |
0.2% |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
- |
<0.1% |
| Galantamine |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
<0.1% |
0.2% |
| Hydroxychloroquine / Chloroquine / Mefloquine |
0.2% |
0.1% |
0.3% |
0.2% |
0.4% |
0.2% |
| Hydroxyzine |
5.6% |
3.6% |
5.0% |
4.0% |
5.1% |
3.9% |
| Magnesium Supplement |
0.4% |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.2% |
0.4% |
0.3% |
| Meperidine |
0.2% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
| Methadone |
0.7% |
0.3% |
0.6% |
0.2% |
0.4% |
0.4% |
| NSAID |
10.4% |
8.2% |
12.2% |
9.0% |
18.9% |
10.4% |
| Octreotide |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
** |
<0.1% |
| Phentermine / Sibutramine |
** |
** |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
<0.1% |
| Potassium Supplement |
4.6% |
4.7% |
4.1% |
4.6% |
4.6% |
3.9% |
| Quinine |
0.8% |
0.5% |
0.6% |
0.4% |
1.3% |
0.5% |
| Sildenafil |
1.7% |
0.6% |
1.2% |
1.1% |
0.8% |
2.9% |
| Tacrolimus |
0.1% |
0.1% |
<0.1% |
0.1% |
** |
<0.1% |
| Tamoxifen |
0.3% |
0.3% |
0.2% |
0.2% |
0.4% |
0.2% |
| Tizanidine |
0.7% |
0.2% |
0.9% |
0.4% |
0.9% |
0.7% |
COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ATIIRB = angiotensin-II receptor blocker; CCB = calcium channel blocker; TMP-SMX = trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; PPA = phenylpropanolamine; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug