| Galectin |
Animal studies |
Human studies |
Therapeutic potential |
| Galectin-1 |
Administration of galectin-1 suppressed CIA by
enhancing T cell apoptosis and inhibiting IL-2
secretion [55].
Galectin-1 limited neutrophil recruitment to
inflammatory tissue by in vitro experiment and
galectin-1-deficient mice [69].
Galectin-1 deficient mice were more susceptible
to CIA [70]. |
Down-regulated expression of galectin-1 in the synovial fluid from RA/JIA patients [71,73,74]. |
Administration of galectin-1 or its derivates
ameliorated CIA [55,75,78,79].
Galectin-1 induced chondrogenic differentiation
of MSCs from RA bone marrow [80]. |
| Galectin-3 |
Galectin-3
Over-expression of galectin-3 was detected in
CIA [93].
Galectin-3 deficient mice displayed reduced
disease severity of antigen-induced arthritis [94]. |
Increased expression of galectin-3 in sera and synovial fluid in RA/JIA patients [71,72,91,95-97].
A galectin-3 gene allele (LGALS3 +292C) is more prevalent in RA patients [99].
RA patients had a higher number of galectin-3-expressing FLS [100].
Galectin-3 induced FLS to secret a set of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [101]. |
Intra-articular lentivirus-mediated delivery of
galectin-3 shRNA ameliorated CIA in rats [75].
Downregulation of galectin-3 inhibited IL-6
secretion in FLSs from RA synovium [102]. |
| Galectin-9 |
Galectin-9 deficiency promoted Th1 and Th17;
and inhibited Treg differentiation, rendering
susceptibility to CIA [103].
Galectin-9 induced apoptosis of FLS and downregulated
pro-inflammatory cytokine production
[104].
Galectin-9 ameliorated immune-complex-induced
arthritis by regulating the expression profile of
macrophage Fc receptors [118] |
Galectin-9 induced apoptosis of FLS from RA patients in cell culture [104].
Decreased expression of galectin-9 was detected in RA patients with high disease activities [119].
Down-regulated expression of Tim-3 led to defective galectin-9-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells [120]. |
Administration of galectin-9 ameliorated CIA or
immune complex-induced arthritis [104,118]. |
| Galectin-2 |
|
Galectin-2 3279C/T gene polymorphism is correlated with diastolic blood pressure in patients with RA [123]. |
|
| Galectin-8 |
|
CD44vRA, a CD44 variant prevalent in RA
patients, can neutralize the galectin-8 induced
apoptosis of synoviocytes [125].
Autoantibodies against galectin-8 were detected
in the sera of about 20% of RA patients [126,127].
A galectin-8 gene variant is prevalent in RA
patients and associates with the early onset of
RA [128]
|
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