ESA Use N=4,288 No ESA Use N=8,245 p value
Female, (%) 3,606 (84) 6,622 (80) <0.001
Age (years), (SD) 42.2 (14.8) 39.9 (14.9) 0.85
Race, (%)
African American 1,912 (44) 4,269 (52) <0.001
White 2,047 (48) 3,500 (42)
Asian 286 (7) 397 (5)
Native American 43 (1) 79 (1)
Ethnicity, (%)
Hispanic 637 (15) 1,394 (17) 0.003
BMI (kg/m2), (%)
Underweight BMI<18 360 (8) 594 (7) 0.001
18-25 1,890 (44) 3,470 (42)
Overweight/Obesity BMI>25 2,038 (48) 4,181 (51)
Serum albumin (mg/dl), (%)
≤2.5 988 (23) 2,864 (35) <0.001
2.6-3.2 1,389(32) 2,745 (33)
≥ 3.3 1,911(45) 2,636 (32)
Hemoglobin (mg/dl), (%)
≤8.5 1,132 (26) 2, 926 (36) <0.001
8.6-10 1,445 (34) 2,734 (33)
≥10 1,711(40) 2,585 (31)
eGFR (ml/min), (%)
≤5.0 926 (22) 1,898 (23) 0.003
5.0-10.0 2,400 (56) 4,352 (53)  
≥10.0 962 (22) 1,995 (24)  
Medical insurance type, (%)
Private 1,438 (34) 2,266 (27) <0.001
Medicaid 1,244 (29) 2,770 (34)
No insurance 247 (6) 1,068 (13)
Medicare 840 (20) 1217 (15)
Employment at ESRD onset, (%)
Employed 984 (23) 1,477(18) <0.001
Unemployed 3,304 (77) 6,768 (82)
U.S. region of residence, (%)
Northeast 830 (20) 1,249 (15) <0.001
West 817 (19) 1,573 (19)
South 1,723 (41) 3,721 (40)
Midwest 857 (20) 1,572 (19)
Comorbidities, (%)
Hypertension 3,469 (81) 6,173(74) <0.001
Coronary artery disease 372 (9) 473(6) <0.001
Peripheral vascular disease 176 (4) 241(3) <0.001
Diabetes mellitus 399 (9) 724(9) 0.32
Congestive heart failure 631 (15) 1,327(16) 0.04
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 106 (2) 189(2) 0.52
Cerebrovascular accident 251 (39) 398(5) 0.01
Current smoking 153 (4) 342 (4) 0.11
IV Drug abuse 17 (0.4) 78 (1) <0.001
Cancer 81 (2) 108 (1) 0.01
*t-test for age and Chi-squared tests for categorical variables comparing LN ESRD patients receiving vs. not receiving ESA.
Table 1: Baseline Characteristics of U.S. Patients with Lupus Nephritis associated ESRD, 1995-2008 (N=12,533).