| Factor |
UC |
CD |
| smoking |
--- |
+++ |
| appendectomy |
--- |
+/0 |
| dietary factors |
| high fat |
+ |
+ |
| high dietary fiber |
- |
- |
| high fruit/vegetable |
- |
- |
| high sugar |
+ |
+ |
| fast food |
+ |
+ |
| vitamin D deficiency |
+ |
+ |
| medications |
| antibiotics |
+ |
+ |
| NSAIDs |
+ |
+ |
| oral contraceptives/hormone therapy |
+ |
+ |
| anti-TNF-α therapy |
+ |
+ |
| breastfeeding |
-/? |
-/? |
| hygiene hypothesis |
| pet in childhood/farm environment |
-/? |
? |
| Helicobacter pylori |
- |
- |
| helminthiasis |
- |
- |
| measles |
? |
? |
| vaccination against measles |
? |
? |
| "cold chain" |
0 |
+/? |
| infectious gastroenteritis in childhood |
? |
? |
| urban environment |
+ |
+ |
| stress |
+/? |
+/? |
”-”: decreased risk; ”+”: increased risk; ”0”: no effect; ”?”: question of debate |
