Immunopathology Character Species
PD-1 -/- Lupus-like autoimmune disease Spontaneous Mouse [38]
  Cardiomyopathy Spontaneous Mouse  [39]
  Type 1 diabetes Predisposition Mouse [40]
       
PD-1 blockade Type I diabetes Spontaneous Mouse [40]
  Graft vs host disease Worsened Mouse [41]
  Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Worsened Mouse [42]
PD-1 polymorphisms Multiple sclerosis Susceptibility Human [43]
  Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Susceptibility Human [44]
  Lupus Nephritis Susceptibility Human [45]
  Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility Human [46]
  Ankylosing Spondylitis Susceptibility Human [47]
Cbl-b -/- Type I diabetes Susceptibility Rat [48]
  Multisystem autoimmune disease Spontaneous Mouse [49]
  Tumour rejection Spontaneous Mouse [50]
  Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Susceptibility Mouse [22]
Table 1: Interference with PD-L1/PD-1 negative co-stimulation or Cbl-b favours autoimmune disorders.