Figure 4: NF-κB signaling in T cell. Canonical and noncanonical pathways contribute to gene expression required for apoptotic resistance, inflammatory cytokine production, appropriate differentiation, and invasiveness. In HTLV-1 infected cells, viral protein Tax binds and drastically activates both pathways. In transformed leukemic cells, loss of miR-31 leads to NIK accumulation and persistent NF-κB activation.