Target

 Target Cell

  DMARD

    Main
  Result(s)

 Reference

      ROS¹

   Jurkat T-
   cells, EL4
  Thymoma,
  Raji B cells

       MTX

↓ proliferation;
↑ Apoptosis;
     ↑ROS

     167

   ICAM-1² CLA³

    T-cells

       MTX

 ↓ ICAM-1,
      CLA;
   ↓ T-cell
   activation

     168

       CD11b, CD64,CD86,CD69

     VERA⁴ 
  Neutrophils

       MTX

 Restoration of 
    delayed
   apoptosis

     169

  Dihydroorotic
 dehydrogenase         

  Mast cells

  Leflunomide

   ↓ p-AKT⁵
    ↓ PDK-1
  ↑ Apoptosis

     170

    Caspase-3

    RA-FLS

   Celecoxib

↔⁶ Caspase-3; ↔ Apoptosis

     171

     NF-κB

     
      Caspases

    1° Mφ⁷,
  RAW264.7
      Cells

  Jurkat T-
 cells, THP-1⁸

        MTX

    Infliximab

↑ Apoptosis in
     1°Mφ;
      TNF-α suppressed MTX-induced apoptosis

 ↑ Apoptosis⁹;
 ↑ Caspase
     activity⁹
  ↓ IL-10⁹    
  ↓ IL-12⁹

     172

     173