Name Company Type Mode of action Instruction for use Specific supporting literature Recommended level of inclusion (kg/ton) Immustim Immundyne, USA B (1,6) branched B (1,3) glucan from yeast Activates macrophages 4 days-yes 3 days-no General on similar products 0.5-12.5 Macroguard Biotec-Mackzymal, Norway B (1,6) branched B (1,3) glucan from yeast Activates macrophages -With vaccines in injection - in feed <6-8 weeks cont. Yes, on salmonids and tiger shrimp 1.0 Vitastim Taitoand Company, Japan B (1,6) branched B (1,3) glucan from fungi Activates macrophages As feed ingredient Yes, on shrimp and fish 1.0 50 mg/kg body weight Aqua-Mune Park Tonks B (1,6) branched B (1,3) glucan from baker’s yeast Activates macrophages As feed ingredient No 1.0 Penstim AURUM Aquaculture Ltd, USA Beta-glucan Activates macrophages Immersion for larvae and feed ingredient for larger animals - 2.0 to 5.0 in feed Laminarn Pronova, Noway B (1,6) branched B (1,3) glucan from brown algal laminariae Activates macrophages As feed ingredient Yes - Calcium spirulan Kelly Moorhead, Hawaii Sulfated polysaccharide from spirulina Inhibit viral envelop replication, inhibits virus penetration in host cell Not known Yes, on mammals Not known SP 604 Alltech Inc, USA Premix of mannan (Biomos), Cr and Se yeast, probiotics Multiple: activates macrophages, source of trace minerals       Agrimos Agrimerica, USA Santel, France Mannan based oligosaccharide from Good substrate for lactic bacteria, occupies binding sites of pathogens in gut, stimulates immune response As feed ingredient Yes, on mammals 1.0 Elorisan BUGICO, Switzerland Organic silicon Lower lipid permeability, protection of nervous tissues Intraperitoneal injection Yes 0.1 ml of 1% solution DS 1999 International Aquaculture Biotechnologies Ltd Bacterin Activates macrophage Add directly in culture medium(larval culture) Yes, field trails 0.5 in larval diets Levamisole Janssen Pharmaceutica, Belgium Tetrahydro-6- phenylimidazolthiazole hydrochloride Activates macrophages As feed ingredient in bath Yes, on mammal and fish 5-10 mg/kg body weight Lysozyme Hydochloride Belovo, Belgium Lysozyme from hen’s eggs Kills/lyses bacterias As feed ingredient Yes, mammals (Cheese) - Lactoferrin DMV international, the Netherlands Lactoferrin from bovine milk Binds Iron, makes it unavailable to pathogens As feed ingredient Yes, on mammals - Selenium yeast Alko, Finland Selenium Yeast Acts a yeast (activates macrophages) and source of selenium As feed ingredient - 1.0 Polypeptides fish hydrolysates Tepual, Chile Sopropeche, France Short peptides Activates macrophages As feed ingredient - - Blood plasma Harimex, The Netherlands Blood serum (immunoglobulins, glycoproteins) Activates macrophages, Binds on gut bacterial receptors As feed ingredient Yes, on mammals 50-100 Fish oils Fish oil producer Omega-3 fatty acids Lower prostaglandin E-2 production (Immunodepressor), increase membrane fluidity As feed ingredient Yes, on mammals 10-100 (Source: Devresse et al. 1997. Nutrition and Health. Aquaculture Division, INVE scientific department, Belgium).

Table 3: Status of commercial immunostimulants usage in different countries. Some commercial immunostimulants currently available on the market in different countries.