| Significant VOCs in breath |
Sources |
References |
| Acetone |
Glucose metabolism in the human body |
[48] |
| Isoprene |
Mevalonic acid pathway of cholesterol synthesis |
[32] |
| Acrolein |
Exogenous: cooked foods, formed from carbohydrates, vegetable oils and animal fats, amino acids during heating of foods, occupational exposure
Endogenous: myeloperoxidase-mediated degradation of threonine and amine oxidase-mediated degradation of spermine and spermidine (markers for oxidative stress) |
[49] |
| Ethanol |
Exogenous : Alcohol consumption
Endogenous: Several biochemical pathways like fatty acid synthesis, microbial fermentation of the carbohydrates in the gastro-intestinal tract |
[50] |
| Acetonitrile |
Exogenous: Smokers, drug addicts, passive smokers
Cut-off for active smokers established at 20.3 ppb (study based on PTRMS) |
[51] |
| Acetaldehyde |
Endogenous: Local production in upper airway or mouth; metabolism of ethanol |
[36] |
| Benzene |
Exogenous : Passive smoking, occupational |
[37] |
| Toluene |
Exogenous: Occupational, indoor |
[52] |
