| Optimizations |
Nuclease resistance |
Bioavailability |
Thermal stability |
Affinity |
| 2’ or 4’ modifications on sugar ring |
[34,35] |
|
|
|
| 5 -modified pyrimidine or 8 -modified purine |
[6] |
|
|
[16] |
| methylphosphonate or phosphorothioate |
[38] |
|
|
|
| LNA or HNA |
[36,37,39] |
|
[36,37,39] |
|
| 3’ or 5’-caps |
[8,19] |
[8,19] |
|
|
| unnecessary nucleotide replacement in single-stranded region |
[11,23] |
|
|
|
| duplex flanks |
|
|
[21,22] |
|
| truncation |
|
|
|
[10] |
| mutagenesis |
|
|
|
[26,32] |
| oligomerization |
|
|
|
[24,26-31] |
|
