| Biomarker |
Alteration and frequency |
Predictive and/or prognostic value |
References |
| KRAS |
Mutations:30-40% |
Codon 12:70-80% |
Predictive of resistance to anti-EGFR therapy |
[13,33-42,47-51] |
| Codon 13:15-20% |
Predictive of response to anti-EGFR therapy |
[47-49] |
| NRAS |
Mutations: 3-5% |
Predictive of worse PFS |
[45,47,54,55] |
| BRAF |
Mutations: 10-15% |
Both predictive and prognostic |
[41,43,58,59] |
| EGFR |
Copy number |
Predictive of better prognosis |
[15-21,24-27] |
| Overexpression of ligand (amphiregulin and piregulin) |
| PIK3CA/PTEN |
Mutations: 10-30% |
Predictive of lack of response |
[25,63-73] |
| HER 3 |
Overexpression |
Resistance to cetuximab |
[75] |
| HER 2 |
Amplification: 2% |
Resistance to cetuximab |
[76-80] |
| MET |
Amplificationand phosphorylation |
Resistance to cetuximab |
[81-84] |
|
