Compound Cell type ERK1/2 p38 JNK EGFR Ca2+ ROS Reference
TGZ Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 0 +   0 +   [43,45]
Hepatic cells HepG2 0 + +       [66]
Porcine aorta endothelial stable cell lines expressing EGFR (PAE-EGFR) +     +     [65]
Colorectal cancer cells HCT15 and HT29 +           [58]
Colorectal cancer cells HCT-116 +           [59]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 + + +       [61]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +     +     [38]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +       +   [47]
Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31]
Normal human urothelial cells (NHU) + +     +   [46]
Lung cancer A549 and 3T3 cells         +   [41,42]
Mouse embryonic stem cells         +   [40]
Δ 2-TGZ Lung cancer A549 and 3T3 cells         +   [41,42]
Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 0 +   0     [43,45]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +     0 +   [47]
CGZ Mouse preadipocyte cell line 1B8 Cultured primary astrocytes + + +     + [60]
Myoblast C2C12 +         + [52]
Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 + +   + + + [43,45,64]
PAE-EGFR cells +           [65]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +           [47]
Fibrosarcoma cells HT1080 +         + [51]
Astroglioma cells C6           + [53,54]
Glioma cells A172 + +         [56]
Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31]
Normal human urothelial cells (NHU) + +     +   [46]
Lung cancer cells A549 and 3T3 cells         +   [42]
D2-CGZ Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 + +   +     [43,45]
RGZ Renal cancer cells (CaKi cells)           + [50]
Astroglioma cells C6           + [53,54]
Rat liver epithelial cells GN4   0   +     [45]
Lung cancer cells A549         0   [42]
Lung cancer cells H1838 (NSCLC) + +         [63]
Cultured primary astrocytes 0 0         [60]
Hepatic cells HepG2   0 0       [66]
PAE-EGFR cells 0           [65]
Colorectal cancer cells HT-29 + +       + [49]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 0           [47]
Normal human urothelial cells (NHU) + +     +   [46]
PGZ Astroglioma cells C6           + [54]
Rat liver epithelial cells GN4   0         [45]
PAE-EGFR cells 0           [65]
TZD18 Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231, MCF-7) + + +       [26]
STG28 Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31,62]
OSU-CG12 Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31]
Breast cancer cells MCF-7 + +         [31]
Table 1: Early PPARγ-independent effects of various TZD. In the different cell lines, + indicates either that MAPK activation, EGFR activation, Ca2+ increase or ROS production have been demonstrated whereas 0 indicates that the event does not occur. Absence of symbol indicates that there is no data.