Compound Cell type ERK1/2 p38 JNK EGFR Ca2+ ROS Reference TGZ Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 0 +   0 +   [43,45] Hepatic cells HepG2 0 + +       [66] Porcine aorta endothelial stable cell lines expressing EGFR (PAE-EGFR) +     +     [65] Colorectal cancer cells HCT15 and HT29 +           [58] Colorectal cancer cells HCT-116 +           [59] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 + + +       [61] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +     +     [38] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +       +   [47] Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31] Normal human urothelial cells (NHU) + +     +   [46] Lung cancer A549 and 3T3 cells         +   [41,42] Mouse embryonic stem cells         +   [40] Δ 2-TGZ Lung cancer A549 and 3T3 cells         +   [41,42] Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 0 +   0     [43,45] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +     0 +   [47] CGZ Mouse preadipocyte cell line 1B8 Cultured primary astrocytes + + +     + [60] Myoblast C2C12 +         + [52] Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 + +   + + + [43,45,64] PAE-EGFR cells +           [65] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 +           [47] Fibrosarcoma cells HT1080 +         + [51] Astroglioma cells C6           + [53,54] Glioma cells A172 + +         [56] Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31] Normal human urothelial cells (NHU) + +     +   [46] Lung cancer cells A549 and 3T3 cells         +   [42] D2-CGZ Rat liver epithelial cells GN4 + +   +     [43,45] RGZ Renal cancer cells (CaKi cells)           + [50] Astroglioma cells C6           + [53,54] Rat liver epithelial cells GN4   0   +     [45] Lung cancer cells A549         0   [42] Lung cancer cells H1838 (NSCLC) + +         [63] Cultured primary astrocytes 0 0         [60] Hepatic cells HepG2   0 0       [66] PAE-EGFR cells 0           [65] Colorectal cancer cells HT-29 + +       + [49] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 0           [47] Normal human urothelial cells (NHU) + +     +   [46] PGZ Astroglioma cells C6           + [54] Rat liver epithelial cells GN4   0         [45] PAE-EGFR cells 0           [65] TZD18 Breast cancer cells (MDA-MB231, MCF-7) + + +       [26] STG28 Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31,62] OSU-CG12 Prostate cancer cells LNCaP + +         [31] Breast cancer cells MCF-7 + +         [31]

Table 1: Early PPARγ-independent effects of various TZD. In the different cell lines, + indicates either that MAPK activation, EGFR activation, Ca2+ increase or ROS production have been demonstrated whereas 0 indicates that the event does not occur. Absence of symbol indicates that there is no data.