| Author, year |
Direct anticancer effect |
Observation |
Mechanism |
| Song et al. [56] |
Inhibits tumor growth and invasion (colon cancer cell) |
-PL significantly inhibited cell proliferation and decreased β-catenin expression in SW480 cells.
-Expression of cyclin D1, TCF/LEF, MMP-9 were also significantly reduced by PL treatment. |
Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling |
| Li et al. [17] |
Antiproliferative effect
(colon cancer cells) |
-PL inhibited HT-29 cell proliferation
-Decreased expression of Reg IV, and EGFR mRNA
- Decreased plasma Reg IV, EGFR, Akt concentration |
Down-regulating Reg IV and EGFR à may lead to disruption of the Reg IV/EGFR/Akt signaling pathway |
| Lu et al. [57] |
Inhibits tumor growth
(breast and bladder cancer cell) |
-Hispolon from PL inhibited cancer cell growth
- p21WAF1, a cyclin-dependent
kinase inhibitor, was elevated in hispolon-treated cells
- MDM2, a negative regulator of p21WAF1, was degraded after hispolon treatment.
-Activated ERK1/2 was recruited to MDM2 leading to MDM2 degradation |
Hispolon from PL ubiquitinates and downregulates MDM2 via MDM2-recruited activated ERK1/2 and upregulates p21WAF1 |
| Guo et al. [31] |
Cancer growth arrest
(lung cancer cells) |
-PL induces cell-cycle arrest at a low concentration.
-Associated with decrease of CDK 2, 4 and 6 |
PL suppresses the activation of CDK à unable to form complexes with cyclin D,E, or A à maintains phospho-Rb à blockage of cell-cycle progression |
| Sliva et al. [36] |
Suppressed growth and invasive behavior
(breast cancer cell) |
-PL inhibits proliferation and colony formation,
-Growth inhibition is mediated by cell cycle arrest at S phase through upregulation of p27Kip1
- Suppression of invasion by inhibition of cell adhesion, cell migration and cell invasion through suppression of uPA secretion |
Inhibition of serine-threonine
kinase AKT signaling, upregulation of p27Kip1, and suppression of uPA
|
TCF/LEF, T-cell factor/lymphocyte enhancer binding factor; MMP, matrix metalloprotease; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2; CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase; uPA urokinase-plasminogen activator