Temperature
(ºC)

Time
(min)

Acid Concentration (%)

Yield (% on oven-dry matter)

Glc1

Xyl

AcA

F

HMF

130

30

0.5
1.0
1.5

0.35
0.63
0.98

3.72
9.46
12.89

Traces
2.10
2.60

Traces
Traces
Traces

Traces
Traces
0.23

60

0.5
1.0
1.5

0.47
0.93
1.38

8.17
13.35
15.61

1.23
2.64
3.72

Traces
0.09
0.33

0.20
0.27
0.29

140

30

0.5
1.0
1.5

0.57
1.33
1.72

9.43
15.78
17.48

1.24
2.95
3.82

Traces
0.16
0.46

0.27
0.28
0.29

60

0.5
1.0
1.5

1.06
2.01
2.59

13.91
15.81
16.12

2.71
3.05
3.93

0.20
0.95
1.78

0.28
0.30
0.33

150

30

0.5
1.0
1.5

1.20
2.20
2.88

12.36
16.43
15.97

2.15
3.67
4.35

0.20
0.95
2.00

0.28
0.31
0.36

60

0.5
1.0
1.5

2.21
2.82
3.57

17.09
12.49
10.95

3.83
4.84
6.30

1.01
3.38
4.15

0.31
0.44
0.47

Table 3: Experimental data on monosaccharide formation and decomposition under variable conditions of dilute acid hydrolysis of cardoon stalks.