| Methodology |
Shortcomings |
Reference |
| Ion exchange |
Input and maintenance cost is very high |
[14] |
| In-Situ reduction process |
Toxic gas intermediate, handling is difficult |
[15] |
| Adsorption |
Efficiency of the process depends on type of adsorbent and chemical pre-treatments are required to improve performance of adsorbent |
[20] |
| Chemical Precipitation |
Input of chemicals is required, problem of secondary sludge generation, disposal of secondary sludge |
[16] |
| Membrane separation and ultrafiltration |
Input cost is very high, maintenance is very costly, fouling of membranes, operation cost is very high, limitation of flow rates and removal of other metal decrease in presence of other metals |
[17] |
| Flotation |
Input, maintenance and operational cost are very high |
[17] |
| Electro kinetic remediation |
The process depends on soil pore, water current density, grain size, ionic mobility, contaminant concentration and total ionic concentration |
[18] |
| Chemical Coagulation and flocculation |
Input cost is very high, involves huge amount of chemicals and generation of secondary sludge |
[16] |
| Photo catalysis |
Input cost is very high, involves semiconductor electrolyte. |
[19] |
| Electro Chemical treatments |
Input cost is very high, filtration is required for the removal of flocs, initial pH and current density of the solution is required to be adjusted |
[20] |
