Figure 1: Neural networks, classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in Parkinson’s disease. Ach: acetylcholine; A: adenosine; A2A: a subreceptor of the adenosine receptor; ß2nAch: a subreceptor of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor; DA: dopamine; D1: D1 receptor, a subreceptor of the dopamininergic receptor; D2: D2 receptor, a subreceptor of the dopamininergic receptor; Dyn: dynorphin; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GABAA: GABAA receptor, a subreceptor of the GABAergic receptor; Glu: glutamate; 5-HT: serotonin; 5-HT2A: 5-HT2A receptor, a subreceptor of the serotonergic receptor; kappa: a subreceptor of the dynorphin receptor; m5Glu: m5Glu receptor, a subreceptor of the metabotropic glutaminergic receptor; NK1: a subreceptor of the tachykinin receptor; NMDA: N-methyl-Daspartate receptor; SP: substance P. A plus mark indicates a postsynaptic excitatory impulse, and a minus mark indicates a presynaptic inhibitory impulse.Neural networks, classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in Parkinson’s disease. Ach: acetylcholine; A: adenosine; A2A: a subreceptor of the adenosine receptor; ß2nAch: a subreceptor of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor; DA: dopamine; D1: D1 receptor, a subreceptor of the dopamininergic receptor; D2: D2 receptor, a subreceptor of the dopamininergic receptor; Dyn: dynorphin; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GABAA: GABAA receptor, a subreceptor of the GABAergic receptor; Glu: glutamate; 5-HT: serotonin; 5-HT2A: 5-HT2A receptor, a subreceptor of the serotonergic receptor; kappa: a subreceptor of the dynorphin receptor; m5Glu: m5Glu receptor, a subreceptor of the metabotropic glutaminergic receptor; NK1: a subreceptor of the tachykinin receptor; NMDA: N-methyl-Daspartate receptor; SP: substance P. A plus mark indicates a postsynaptic excitatory impulse, and a minus mark indicates a presynaptic inhibitory impulse. Neural networks, classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in Parkinson’s disease. Ach: acetylcholine; A: adenosine; A2A: a subreceptor of the adenosine receptor; ß2nAch: a subreceptor of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor; DA: dopamine; D1: D1 receptor, a subreceptor of the dopamininergic receptor; D2: D2 receptor, a subreceptor of the dopamininergic receptor; Dyn: dynorphin; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid; GABAA: GABAA receptor, a subreceptor of the GABAergic receptor; Glu: glutamate; 5-HT: serotonin; 5-HT2A: 5-HT2A receptor, a subreceptor of the serotonergic receptor; kappa: a subreceptor of the dynorphin receptor; m5Glu: m5Glu receptor, a subreceptor of the metabotropic glutaminergic receptor; NK1: a subreceptor of the tachykinin receptor; NMDA: N-methyl-Daspartate receptor; SP: substance P. A plus mark indicates a postsynaptic excitatory impulse, and a minus mark indicates a presynaptic inhibitory impulse.