| Operation/activity |
Conventional technology |
Post-harvest technology |
| Threshing |
Manual beating and
animal/tractor treading |
Mechanical threshing with improved design of threshers. |
| Winnowing |
Manually with ordinary
baskets |
Mechanical winnowing with manual mechanical power. |
| Cleaning |
Manually operated SUPA, a
simple device but of low capacity. |
Manual/power operated cleaner cum-graders. |
| Drying |
Open yard sun drying |
Solar dryers or heated air dryers using mechanical power. |
| Storage |
Earthen pitchers, mud bins or
bag storage |
Metal bins, brick structures and concrete silos of improved designs. |
| Milling |
Hand and foot pounding, rice
hullers, stone grinders, oil
ghanis, etc. |
Modern rice, dal and flourmills of different capacities, oil expellers, solvent extraction plants. |
| Byproduct utilization |
Direct feed and fuel uses |
Solvent extraction of rice bran and oil cakes, pelleted animal feed, etc. |
| Marketing |
Selling raw materials to middlemen of trade at low prices |
Selling of cleaned and graded produces, value added products directly to super/cooperative markets for better profitability. |
| Preparation and utilization |
Open vessel cooking and
traditional food preparations |
Pressure and microwave cooking. Nutritionally balanced diet/recipes. Use of refrigerators, grinders/mixtures. |
