| Physico-chemicalProperties |
Treatment no |
| |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
| MR |
28.3 ± 0.3d |
23.3 ± 0.3e |
18.2 ± 0.2g |
17.9 ± 0.1g |
30.5 ± 0.2b |
24.0 ± 0.1e |
29.7 ± 0.2c |
33.3 ± 0.4a |
20.8 ± 0.2f |
| MFR |
0.36 ± 0.0ab |
0.38 ± 0.0ab |
0.17 ± 0.0d |
0.15 ± 0.0de |
0.27 ± 0.0c |
0.33 ± 0.0bc |
0.38 ± 0.0ab |
0.43 ± 0.0a |
0.07 ± 0.0e |
| FAC |
0.45 ± 0.0ns |
0.42 ± 0.0ns |
0.42 ± 0.0ns |
0.45 ± 0.0ns |
0.43 ± 0.0ns |
0.44 ± 0.0ns |
0.42 ± 0.0ns |
0.40 ± 0.0ns |
0.42 ± 0.0ns |
| PS |
0.27 ± 0.0g |
0.32 ± 0.0ab |
0.28 ± 0.0f |
0.25 ± 0.0h |
0.33 ± 0.0a |
0.3 ± 0.0de |
0.31 ± 0.0bc |
0.3 ± 0.0cd |
0.29 ± 0.0ef |
| MAC |
0.3 ± 0.0c |
0.4 ± 0.0b |
0.6 ± 0.0a |
0.6 ± 0.02a |
0.2 ± 0.0d |
0.2 ± 0.0d |
0.2 ± 0.0d |
0.2 ± 0.0d |
0.4 ± 0.0b |
| TD |
0.57 ± 0.0bc |
0.61 ± 0.0a |
0.59 ± 0.0ab |
0.56 ± 0.0cd |
0.53 ± 0.0d |
0.58 ± 0.0abc |
0.57 ± 0.0bc |
0.58 ± 0.0abc |
0.56 ± 0.0cd |
| TrD |
1.38±0.1bcd |
1.31±0.0bcd |
1.48±0.0abc |
1.29±0.0cd |
1.60 ± 0.1a |
1.39 ± 0.0bcd |
1.22 ± 0.0d |
1.30 ± 0.0bcd |
1.49 ± 0.0ab |
| WHC |
149.7±11.0b |
153.1±8.0ab |
165.1±4.7ab |
181.7±13.2a |
85.4±7.3c |
156.9 ± 15.8ab |
80.9 ± 6.8c |
77.0 ± 5.0c |
175.9 ± 7.8ab |
| WAI |
16.1 ± 0.1bc |
15.3 ± 0.2c |
16.7 ± 0.2ab |
16.3±0.9abc |
13.9 ± 0.0d |
15.8 ± 0.1bc |
13.9 ± 0.2d |
13.8 ± 0.3d |
17.3 ± 0.3a |
| WSI |
11.3 ± 0.2ns |
11.5 ± 0.3ns |
10.6 ± 0.0ns |
10.9 ± 1.8ns |
12.3 ± 0.1ns |
10.7 ± 0.2ns |
11.9 ± 0.3ns |
12.6 ± 0.1ns |
11.7 ± 0.3ns |
| BD |
0.036 ± 0.0a |
0.026 ± 0.0b |
0.019±0.0cde |
0.016±0.0de |
0.022±0.0bcd |
0.036 ± 0.0a |
0.023 ± 0.0bc |
0.025 ± 0.0b |
0.016 ± 0.0e |
| ER
IVSD |
0.18 ± 0.0c
153.4 ±2.8b |
0.24 ± 0.0d
157.2±1.1ab |
0.29 ± 0.0b
160.7 ±0.9a |
0.29 ± 0.0b
137.3 ±0.9c |
0.32 ± 0.0ab
121.5 ± 0.6d |
0.17 ± 0.0d
158.9 ±1.1a |
0.32 ± 0.0ab
83.9 ± 1.0f |
0.34 ± 0.0a
112.7 ± 1.0e |
0.24 ± 0.0c
111.7 ± 1.0e |
| Color (L*) |
51.8 ± 0.0c |
50.6 ± 0.0e |
50.6 ± 0.0d |
50.6 ± 0.0d |
50.6 ± 0.0d |
53.9 ± 0.0b |
54.2 ± 0.0a |
45.7 ± 0.0g |
48.1 ± 0.0f |
| Color (a*) |
2.1 ± 0.0e |
1.7 ± 0.0g |
2.1 ± 0.0d |
2.8 ± 0.0a |
1.9 ± 0.0f |
2.3 ± 0.0c |
2.5 ± 0.0b |
1.6 ± 0.0h |
1.9 ± 0.0f |
| Color (b*) |
6.4 ± 0.0e |
6.1 ± 0.0g |
6.4 ± 0.0d |
7.4 ± 0.0c |
6.3 ± 0.0f |
7.8 ± 0.0b |
8.4 ± 0.0a |
3.1 ± 0.0i |
1.9 ± 0.0h |
Values are presented as means ± standard error of triplicates except for ER and BD which are means of 10 and 20 readings respectively. Values connected by the same
letter in each row are not significantly different (P<0.05).
Treatments No: 1=85 rpm SS & 232.5°CBT; 2=60 rpm SS & 232.5°CBT; 3=110 rpm SS & 275°CBT; 4=85 rpm SS & 275°CBT; 5=60 rpm SS & 190°CBT; 6=110 rpm SS &
232.5°CBT; 7=85 rpm SS & 190°CBT; 8=110 rpm SS & 190°CBT; and 9=60 rpm SS & 275°C BT. SS= Screw speed, BT= barrel temperature, rpm= revolutions per minutes,
and ns=not significant.
Physico-chemical properties: MR=Moisture Retention (%), MFR=Mass Flow Rate (g/sec), FAC=Fat Absorption Capacity (%), PS=Protein Solubility (%), MAC=Milk
Absorption Capacity (%), TD=Tap Density (g/cm3), TrD=True Density (g/mL), WHC=Water Holding Capacity (%),
WAI=Water Absorption Index, WSI=Water Solubility Index (%), BD=Bulk Density (kg/cm3) and ER=Expansion Ratio, IVSD=In Vitro Starch Digestibility (μg of glucose per
gram of sample). Color (L)=brightness with L=100 is white and L=0 is black, Color (a+)=red, Color (a-)=green, Color (b+)=yellow, and Color (b-)=blue. |
