| Name of herbal product |
Country of study |
Disease indication |
Efficacy |
|
| Terminaliaarjuna |
India |
Post myocardial infarction Ischemic cardiomyopathy |
↓ Symptoms of angina, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular mass Terminalia group, severity of cardiomyopathy also improved from NYHA class III to class I in two patients during the study |
|
| Terminaliaarjuna |
India |
Congestive heart failure with severe refractory heart failure (NYHA class IV) |
Improvement of edema, fatigue and dyspnea along with walking toleranc, stroke volume, left ventricular ejection fractio, with decrease in end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volume |
|
| Terminaliaarjuna |
India |
Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) |
↓ Total cholesterol, ↓ LDL cholesterol, ↓ lipid peroxide levels after 30-day follow up. |
|
| Allium sativam |
Australia |
Progression of carotidatherosclerosis |
Anti-atherosclerotic effect on carotid atherosclerosis |
|
| Allium sativum |
India |
Hyperttension, Oxidative stress |
↓ 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, ↓ nitric oxide level, ↓ lipid peroxidation, ↑ Vitamins C, ↑ vitamin E |
|
| Allium sativum |
India |
Effect of garlic powder (Kwai) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in mild hypercholesterolemia |
No change in blood lipids and lipoproteins levels |
|
| Apiumgraveolens |
China |
Hypertension |
↓ Blood pressure
↓ Blood pressure |
|
| AchlleaWilhelmsi |
Iran |
Antihyperlipidemic and antihypertensive effects |
↓ Triglyceride after 2 months, ↓ total cholesterol and LDL-C after 4 months ↑ HDL-C levels after 6 months of treatment, ↓ diastolic and systolic blood pressure after 2 and 6 months, respectively |
|
| Fenugreek Trigonellafoenum |
India |
Coronary artery disease (CAD) patients and patients with type 2 diabetes without CAD |
↓ Total cholesterol
↓ triglycerides |
|
| Curcumin |
India |
Lipid level in patients with acute coronary syndrome |
Moderate-dose curcumin showed the minimal effect of increase, followed by the low-dose curcumin and finally,high-dose ccurcumin that showed the highest effect of increase. |
|
| Curcumin |
India |
Overweight hyperlipidemia |
Reduction in lipids profiles such as serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol |
|
| (Ginger) Zingiberofficinale Saudi |
Saudi |
Lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia after 45 days. |
↓ Triglyceride, ↓ LDL-C,↑ HDL-C |
|
| Artichoke (Cynaracardinculusvar.scolymus) |
India |
Hyperlipoproteinemia |
↓ Total cholesterol, ↓ LDL-C |
|
| Artichoke (Cynaracardunculusvar.scolymus) |
UK |
Hypercholesterolemia |
↓ Total cholesterol |
|
| Rhubarb (Rheum rhapontiam) |
USA |
Cholesterol-lowering effect in hypercholesterolemic men |
↓ Total cholesterol (8% and ) LDL-C (9%), while HDL-C concentrations remained unchanged. The depressed total and LDL-C levels returned to baseline after the fiber supplementation was withdrawn for 1 month. |
|
| Hibiscus sabdariffaL.tea |
Boston |
Pre-and mildly hypertensive adults |
↓ Blood pressure in pre-and mildly hypertensive adults |
|
| Combination ofCommiphoramukuland Irularacemosa(1:1ratio) |
India |
Ischemic heart disease |
↓ Total cholesterol
↓ Triglycerides,↓ Total blood lipids |
|
| Inularacemosa |
India |
Ischemic heart disease |
All nine subjects showed improvement in ST-segment depression on ECG. |
|
| Crataegus |
China |
Cardiac insufficiency stage NYHA II heart failure |
Reduced performance in the exercise tolerance test, fatigue, palpitation, and exccercise dyspnea |
| C.mukulGuggul |
USA |
Hypercholesteromia |
No improvement of cholesterol level |
| C.mukul (Guggul) in combination with Irularacemosa |
India |
Ischemic heart disease |
Improved electrocardiogram readings and decreased episodes of dyspnea and chest pain |
| Crataegusmonogyna(Hawthorn) |
USA |
Heart failure |
Provides no symtomatic or functional benefit when given with standard medical therapy to patients with heart failure |
| Conventional drug |
Herbal medicine |
Result of interaction |
Possible mechanism |
Ref |
| Interaction with cardiac drugs |
| Digoxin |
Gum guar |
↓ plasma digoxin concentration |
Reduced absorption |
[20] |
| Digoxin |
St.John’s |
↓ plasma digoxin concentration |
Induction of P-glycoprotein |
[24] |
| Digoxin |
Siberian ginseng |
↑ plasma digoxin concentration |
Some component of Siberian ginseng might impair digoxin elimination or interfere with the digoxin assay. |
[25] |
| Digoxin |
Wheat bran |
↓ plasma digoxin concentration |
Reduced absorption |
[26] |
| Interactions with antihypertensive drugs |
| Diuretic thiazide |
Ginkgo |
↑ in blood pressure |
Not known |
[27] |
| Antihypertensive |
Liquorice |
Hypokalemia |
Additive effect on potassium excretion |
[28] |
| Interactions with antiplatet drugs |
| Aspirin |
Ginkgo |
Spontaneous hyphema |
Additive inhibition of platelet aggregation |
[29] |
| Aspirin |
Tamarind |
↑ bioavailability of aspirin |
Not known |
[30] |
| Interactions with anticoagulants |
| Warfarin |
Boldo/Fenugreek |
↑ anticoagulant effect |
Additive effect on coagulation mechanisms |
[31] |
| Warfarin |
Danshen |
↑ Additive effect on coagulation mechanisms and/or increased |
In addition to its antiplatet activity, Danshen decreases warfarin elimination in rats. |
[32-34] |
| Warfarin |
Devil’s claw |
↑ anticoagulant effect, purpura |
Unknown |
[27] |
| Warfarin |
Garlic |
↑ anticoagulant effect; increase in clotting time |
Additive effect on coagulation mechanisms |
[35] |
| Interactions with anticoagulants |
| Warfarin |
Ginkgo |
Intracerebral hemorrhage |
Additive effect on coagulation mechanism |
[36] |
| Warfarin |
Ginseng |
Decreased anticoagulant effect |
Unknown |
[37] |
| Warfarin |
Green tea |
↓ anticoagulant effect |
Pharmacological antagonism |
[38] |
| Warfarin |
Lycium |
↑ anticoagulant effect |
Uknown |
[23] |
| Warfarin |
Mango |
↑ anticoagulant effect |
Hepatic enzyme inhibition |
[22] |
| Warfarin |
Papaya |
↑anticoagulant effect |
Unknown |
[27] |
| Warfarin |
PC-SPES |
↑ anticoagulant effect |
Additive effect on coagulation mechanisms |
[14] |
| Warfarin |
Soy |
↓ anticoagulant effect |
Not known |
[15] |
| Warfarin |
St.John’s wort |
↓ anticoagulant effect |
Hepatic enzyme induction |
[15] |
| Phenprocoumon |
St.John’s wort |
↑”Quick-Wert test (indicating decreased anticoagulant effect) |
Hepatic enzyme induction |
[40,41] |
| Phenprocoumon |
Wheat bran |
↓ plasma level of Phenprocoumon; increase in the free plasma Phenprocoumon fraction |
↓ Absorption can explain the decreased plasma level; however, the mechanism of the increase of free plasma Phenprocoumon fraction is Unknown. |
[42,43] |
| Interactions with antilipidaemic drugs |
| Simvastatin |
St.john’swort |
↓ plasma simvastatin concentration |
Hepatic enzyme induction |
[37] |
| Lovastatin |
Oat bran |
↓ lovastatin absorption |
Bran contains fibers which can trap digoxin |
[38] |
| Lovastatin |
Pectin |
↓ lovastatin absorption |
Pectin can trap digoxin |
[39] |
