Target |
Nanoparticle |
Major outcomes |
References |
Brain |
|
|
|
|
Silver NP |
Time- and dose-dependent increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine release and correlating increases in permeability and cytotoxicity of cells. |
[65] |
|
Silver NP |
Dose-dependent accumulation of NP was observed in the brain and other organs suggesting systemic distribution after oral administration. ALP and cholesterol increased significantly in high-dose group (1000 mg/kg/day) indicating hepatotoxicity. |
[66] |
|
Silver NP |
Neurobehavioural abnormalities were observed in adult zebrafish with increased DA and 5HT turnover in previously exposed embryos secondary to altered synaptic functioning. |
[67] |
|
U (SPION) |
Direct inoculation of all 3 SPION agents resulted in the uptake into the CNS parenchyma. No pathological changes were detected. |
[68] |
Liver |
Gold NP |
Naked NP: severe adverse effects with resultant death with particles ranging from 8 to 37 nm in diameter. Microscopically, Kupffer cell activation in the liver and lung parenchymal destruction was observed. Surface modified NP: elicited increased host immune response and improved cytocompatibility. |
[69] |
|
Gold NP |
NPs were found to accumulate in liver and spleen. Significant upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, 6, 10 and TNF-α) with subsequent apoptosis of hepatocytes at highest concentrations (4.26 mg/kg). No significant changes in the liver at lower doses. |
[70] |
|
Silver NP |
Oxidative stress-mediated toxicity due to free Ag+liberation. Induction of pro-apoptotic signals in liver tissues. |
[71] |
|
Silver NP |
NP enter cells which results in the production of mediators of oxidative-stress. However, protective mechanisms could be observed which increase GSH production to avoid oxidative damage. |
[72] |
|
Silica NP |
Significant hepatotoxicity (degenerative necrosis of hepatocytes) was observed with smaller NP (<100 nm) whereas no pathological changes were seen with larger particles (300 or 1000 nm), even at relatively higher concentrations of NP (100 mg/kg). |
[73] |
Dermal |
Silver NP |
Reversible hepatotoxicity and argyria-like discoloration of treated area of skin, elevated plasma and urine silver concentrations and increased liver enzymes. |
[74] |
|
Titanium Dioxide NP |
Cytotoxicity was observed affecting cellular functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation and mobility resulting in apoptosis. |
[75] |
|
Silica NP |
Size-related toxicity with faster cellular uptake of smaller particles and concomitant higher toxicity. |
[76] |
|
Silica NP |
Reduced Cell Viability |
[77] |
|
Gold NP |
Maximum cytotoxicity with smaller NP (1.4 nm) characterized by apoptosis and necrosis. |
[78] |
|
Gold NP |
Dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation. |
[79] |
Lung |
PLGA-Chitosan NP |
Non-toxic even at highest concentrations. |
[80] |
|
SWCNP |
Low acute cytotoxicity was further reduced by dispersion of SWCNTs in serum. |
[81] |
|
MWCNP |
Uniform particle uptake by pulmonary macrophages. No inflammatory or fibrotic changes were observed. |
[82] |
|
Silica NP |
Dose- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability: up to 50% reduction at highest dosage after 72 h. Oxidative stress indicated as mechanism of cytotoxicity. |
[83] |
|
Silica NP |
Dose dependent Increase in Cytotoxicity |
[84] |
|
Silver NP |
Dose- and time-dependent increase in blood Ag nanoparticle concentration was observed along with correlating increases in alveolar inflammation and small granulomatous lesions. |
[85] |
