Time (min) NS concentration (ppm) Arabidopsis seed Decontaminated (%) Survived* (%) Control 0 100 5 100 100 99 ± 1   250 100 100   500 100 99 ± 0.5   1000 100 98 ± 0.6   2000 100 99 ± 0.7 10 100 100 99 ± 0.4   250 100 97 ± 1.2   500 100 96 ± 2.1   1000 100 98 ± 1.0   2000 100 99 ± 0.9 20 100 100 97 ± 1.3   250 100 1 ± 0.2   500 100 1.3 ± 0.3   1000 100 0   2000 100 0 30 100 100 0   250 100 0   500 100 0   1000 100 0   2000 100 0 60 100 100 0   250 100 0   500 100 0   1000 100 0   2000 100 0 *mean ± standard deviation

Table 2: The effect of different concentrations and exposures of NS on Arabidopsis