Cytokine naive IT 10% surfactant IT (S)-MWCNTs IV DPPC/RSA IV (D)-MWCNTs IL1β (pg/ml) 1455.0 ± 372.5 1597.0 ± 310.3 1657.0 ± 699.4 1932.0 ± 861.7 1500.0 ± 375.9 IL6 (pg/ml) 75.7 ± 16.8 277.0 ± 78.5# 64.9 ± 55.4 120.4 ± 86.5 58.7 ± 55.9 IL10 (pg/ml) 70.0 ± 17.0 76.0 ± 13.5 49.7 ± 6.1 117.2 ± 56.9 66.8 ± 12.2 INFγ(pg/ml) 283.3 ± 42.5 324.5 ± 96.4 278.7 ± 30.6 405.8 ± 139.0 355.9 ± 139.0 MCP1 (pg/ml) 903.4 ± 310.8 986.7 ± 137.7 836.6 ± 60.3 991.2 ± 184.6 813.2 ± 113.3 VEGF (pg/ml) 469.5 ± 83.0 483.8 ± 59.3 457.2 ± 52.2 620.2 ± 127.5 512.1 ± 47.0 TNFα (pg/ml) 5.9 ± 5.9 3.3 ± 3.3 11.5 ± 5.9 6.7 ± 4.2 3.1 ± 2.3 IT: intratracheal instillation and IV: intravenous administration, MWCNT: Multi-wall carbon nanotube, 10% surfactant: 10 % surfactant in saline, (S)-MWCNTs: MWCNT suspended in 10% surfactant, DPPC/RSA: vehicle used for IV MWCNT delivery and (D)-MWCNTs: MWCNT suspended in DPPC/RSA. # indicates p < 0.05 when compared to naïve.

Table 2: Cytokine levels in fetal serum 24 hours post-exposure to MWCNTs. The fetal serum cytokines (a pooled sample from three fetuses/dam) were evaluated using Milliplex MAP Cytokine/Chemokine Panel and Immunoassay (EMD Millipore MA, USA). These assays were run using Luminex 100/200 (Luminex, Austin, TX) and results reported using Luminex xPONENT® software versions 2.3/3.1. The mean and the SEM are reported for serum cytokines from fetuses from 17-19 days pregnant Sprague Dawley rats (n = 4-6).