Nanostructured Materials Fabrication techniques Cell types Cell behaviors
TiO2 nanotubes with Ta coating [57] Two electrode setup anodization and vacuum-deposited Osteoblasts Improvement of viability and faster mineralization
TiO2 nanotubes [58] Two electrode setup anodization process Chondrocytes Promotion of chondrogenesis
Carbon nanotubes+ nanocomposite of chitosan fibers+ hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals [59] Arc discharged method, freeze-drying and lyophilization Osteoblasts Improvement of adhesion and proliferation
Graphene oxide (GO) + chitosan (Chi) + HA [14] Covalent liaison of Chi and GO in solution MC3T3-E1 fibroblastic cells Improvement of adherence, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation
Graphene oxide with PMMA [13] Chemical vapor deposition mesenchymal stem cells Improvement of osteogenic differentiation
Collagen-GAG scaffolds with biomolecular pattern (fibronectin) [49] Direct photolithography MC3T3-E1 fibroblastic cells Improvement of the speed of cell attachment
Nanostructured alumina surfaces [39] Chemical vapor deposition Osteoblasts Induction of osteogenic differentiation
Polycrystalline titanium nanostructured surface with conformal bioactive calcium phosphate thin films sputter [50] RF magnetron sputter deposition Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Improvement of adherence, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation
Electrochemically grooved nanostructured stainless steel implant with pre-adsorption of protein [51] Phase reversion-induced nanograined structure Osteoblasts Improvement of osteoblastic function and activity
Micro- and nanopatterned transplantable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer [52] Capillary force lithography with a surface micro-wrinkling Mesenchymal stem cells Improvement of adhesion, osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration pattern-controlled
Patterned silicon topographically-patterned surface [7] Nanolithography Mesenchymal stem cells Specific size scale of topographic cue promotes osteogenic differentiation with or without osteogenic agents
Carbon nanotubes -reinforced hydroxyapatite coating on titanium implants [56] Plasma-spray Osteoblasts CNT addition improves osseo integration
Nanofibrous chitosan-nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite scaffolds with single-walled carbon nanotubes [59] Freeze-drying and lyophilization Osteoblasts Improvement of cytocompatibility for osteoblast adhesion and proliferation
Nanofibrous poly(-caprolactone) with BMP-2 nanoreservoirs [68] Electrospinning and layer by layer deposition Osteoblasts Improvement of osteogenic gene expression and mineralization
Nanofibrous gelatin [69] Thermally induced phase separation and porogene-leaching Osteoblasts

Improvement of migration, proliferation and mineralization

Collagen scaffold and heparin-binding peptide amphiphiles with nanofiber-heparan sulfate [72] Peptide synthesis In vivo implantation without cells Large volumes of regenerated bone
Nano-fibrous Poly(l-lactic)acid scaffolds [73] Freeze-drying and lyophilization Osteoblasts Improvement of osteoblast phenotype, mineralization and earlier differentiation
Supra- molecular self-assembled nanofibers of peptide amphiphiles [76] Standard solid phase methods and self assembly Mesenchymal stem cells Improvement of viability and chondrogenic differentiation
Peptide hydrogel KLD12 ([KLDL]3) and RAD16-I ([RADA]4) Self assembly Chondrocytes [77] Bone marrow stromal cells [78] Promotion of chondrogenesis Promotion of chondrogenesis
Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) nanocapsules with bone morphogenetic protein BMP-2 and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanocapsules with BMP-7, embedded in chitosan scaffold [84] Co-electrospinning Bone marrow stromal cells Improvement of osteogenic differentiation (ALP activity)
Nanofibrous chitosan (CS), silk Fibroin (SF) and CS/SF [82] Electrospinning Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Promotion of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation
Nanofibrous poly(ε-caprolactone) with BMP-2 nanoreservoirs [83] Electrospinning and layer by layer deposition Osteoblasts Promotion of mineralization and proliferation
Nanofibrous poly(ε -caprolactone)  trilaminarcomposite scaffolds [84] Electrospinning Chondrocytes Support chondrogenesis and higher mechanical properties
Aligned nanofibrous poly(ε -caprolactone)  [85] Electrospinning Chondrocytes Higher resistance to damage
Bilayered nanofibrous poly(ε -caprolactone) [86] Electrospinning Chondrocytes Promotion of chondrogenesis
Nanofibrous Polyurethane (PU) and PU-Hydroxyapatite (PU-HA) composite [87] Electrospinning Osteoblasts, embryonic mesenchymal progenitor cells Higher mechanical properties and improvement of bone matrix formation
Oriented and aligned nanofibres of biodegradable poly-DL-lactide with embedded multi-walled carbon nanotubes [88] Electrospinning Osteoblasts Improvement of osteoblast functions
Interspersed poly(l-lactic acid) and gelatin fibers [89] Co-electrospinning Chondrocytes Improvement of proliferation and differentiation
Table 1: Summary of the osteochondro-inductive nanostructures presented and the cell behavior outcomes observed.